LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 






UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 




Nia<;ara Kai.i.s, View from Pkospp:ct T'iiint. Si 



A BRIEFS 



DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY 



EMPIRE STATE 



FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS 



WITH 25 OUTLINE MAPS OX UNIFORM SCALE, 5 RELIEF MAPS, AND 125 ILLUSTRATIONS 



C. W. BARDEEN 



EDITOR OF THE SCHOOL BULLETIN 



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SYRACUSE, X. Y. 

C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 
1895 



Copyright, 1895, by C. W. Bardeen 



PREFACE 



In the early half of this century much attention was given in New 
York schools to the study of local geography. It was a time when 
canals were projected, and the possibilities of water communication 
between different parts of the State w^ere an engrossing problem. 
Spatford's " Gazetteer " (1813) gave " a comprehensive geographical 
and statistical view of the whole State ", then the same for each of the 
45 counties, and then " a very full and minute topographical descrip- 
tion" of each of the 452 town and 4 incorporated cities. Gordon's 
''Gazetteer" (1836) is so complete in its topographical descriptions 
that it is on many points still the best book of reference we have. 
Eastman's " History of the State of New York " (1828), a text book, 
began with three chapters on " natural geography " of the State. In 
1847 appeared a " Geography of the State of New York ", an elaborate 
text-book of 432 pages, by J. H. Mather and L. P. Brockett, with out- 
line maps of the counties. 

But local geography gradually dropped out of the curriculum until 
the Regents began to insert questions upon it. In the first 35 of the 
Regents' examinations the questions on New York geography amounted 
altogether to 23 out of 1064, and these were of such general interest 
that they should be answered by geography pupils in any State of the 
Union. 

But in the 36th examination, for June 6, 1878, a new spirit began 
to manifest itself. It was asked : 

Which is the most westerly of the lakes wholly within the State of New Yorls:, and 
by what rivers does it reach the sea ? 

Name three rivers that empty into Lalve Ontario on the side of New York, and one 
that empties into Lake Champlain. 

The answers were so unsatisfactory that in the next examination 
(Nov. 7, 1878) these were asked : 

What has given to the city of New York its great commercial superiority ? 
Describe the chief river of New York. To what place is it navigable ? 
Name the counties in order on the e. side, as far n. as Lake Champlain. 
Name those on Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence. 
On what lake is Buffalo ? Plattsburgh ? 

These questions had 19 of the 60 credits allowed, and as they were 
mostly answered incorrectly hundreds of candidates failed. Vigorous 

(i) 



ii Ge()(;hahpy of the Emi-trk State 

l)rotest was made all over the State, but the liegeuts replied that the 
lamentable igiioi-ance manifested only demonstrated the necessity of 
compelling more study of local geograi)liy by the insertion of questions 
upon it, and since then several of the questions in every examination 
have been ui)on this topic. The State and the Uniform examinations 
liave always given ])rominence to New York geograi)liy, so that con- 
siderable study of it has l)een made necessary in New York schools. 

The want of a suitable text-book has long been manifest, and the 
question is not whether a book like this is needed, but only whether 
this book meets the need. Probably oidy its actual use in the school- 
room can fully determine that, but I hope its ai-rangement and its 
general features will commend tliemselves. 

Its most marked cliaracteristic is its a})peal to the eye. Its illustra- 
tions are abundant and have been carefully selected, especially with a 
view to presenting that aspect of the scene which is typical, distin- 
guishing it from other scenes. Some of the cuts are from photographs 
taken especially for this book, and many of them a})pear here in print 
for the first time. For the photographs of Glens Falls and Howe's 
Cave I am indebted to jNIr. S. R. Stoddard ; and for the i-elief maps to 
Mr. Walton Van Loan of Catskill. 

The series of twenty-five outline maps on a uniform scale is based 
on the })rinciple of making prominent one thing at a time, wliich I 
believe to be exceedingly important. One glance at the ma}) of the 
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railway on page 107 will fix in the 
mind its various routes better than long study of a map on which this 
road appears with other railways and scores of other features equally 
j)rominent. The division of the State into river systems in the map 
on page 20 is followed all through, the maps of lakes, waterfalls, cities, 
villages, colleges, etc., being numbered in tlie same order, that the 
boundaries of these systems may be kept in mind. Such unusual maps 
as those of Mineral Springs (page 56), of Indian Reservations (page 69), 
and of Charitable and Correctional Institutions (page 76) are believed 
to be valuable. They impress their lessons with very little time and 
eff'ort, and the information is worth having at hand. So important do 
I consider these sketchy maps in the stud}^ of geogra})liy, that I have 
prepared them for the use of pupils, giving the same outlines that are 
constant in all these maps, and enabling the pupil to sketch rapidly 
and during recitation whatever may be the topic of a lesson. These 
maps are 6x8 J inches, and are sold in ])a(ls of fifty at fifteen cents a 
pad. 

In preparing this ])ook I liave of course gathered and consulted 
everything available that has been pul)lished. Where extended 



Preface iii 

quotation has been made I have usually given credit. Of course 
I have had constantly at hand the great " Natural Histoiy of 
the State of New York ", on which the State has expended wisely 
more than a million dollars, and which should be on the reference 
shelves of every union school. The four volumes of Geology have 
been of most frequent use, and the previous volumes of the " Geologi- 
cal Survey " have been occasionally quoted. 

Next to these I have depended upon French's " Gazetteer of the State 
of New York ", a thoroughly careful and conscientious work, which 
ought to have been better revised than in the hasty edition got out 
by Hough in 1868. For the Adirondack region the Colvin reports 
have been depended on entirely. I have quoted from Gov. Seymour, 
one of the most enthusiastic students of the history of the geography 
and history of the State, on pages 82, 83, and the matter on general 
topography (pages 13 to 16) is based on an address made by him at 
Utica in 1846. 

For maps of the State I have depended chiefly on four. 

(1) The large Adams & Co. map on copper-plate, and too crowded 
to be distinct or always reliable in detail, has the advantage of being 
colored by townships, so that for schools in counties where no county 
wall-map is published it is on the whole the best wall-map of the 
State ; but it is more valuable for general impressions at a distance 
than for close inspection. 

(2) On the other hand, the geologic map of 1894, by W. J. McGee, 
issued jointly by the Legislature of the State and the United States 
Geological Survey as a basis for a new geological map of the State, is 
useless as a school wall-map, being too minute in detail and not 
colored so as to represent divisions at any distance. It is still imper- 
fect also, as has been mentioned on page 37. But in design it is the 
most exact map ever undertaken. So far as I know, it is not yet 
published, and advance copies can be got only through some person 
in authority. 

(3) The railroad and county map, recently issued by the Rand & 
McNally Co., has no rival for its special purpose of showing the rail- 
roads of the State and the corporations that control them. But it 
gives few of the physical features of the State, and does not take much 
pains to give these correctly : as for instance it makes Racket Lake, 
Long Lake, etc., discharge into the Hudson, thus ignoring the marked 
watershed of that region. 

(4) In geological divisions I have followed Dr. Hall's map of 1842, 
as corresponding with the classification in the "Natural Histor}^ " 



iv Geogiiapiiv of the Em pike State 

of the vStato in the school Hhrai'ies ; though a later map was prepared 
by Frederick J. H. Merrill, director of the State Museum, to accom- 
pauy the Mineral Exhibit of New York at the Columbian Exposition, 
and may be ol)tained of the Regents. 

Ill a hook whicli gives so many facts and figures there must neces- 
sarily he errors in the first edition, and I shall rely upon the help of 
those who use the book to eliminate them. But statistics given 
should not b(> condemned l)ecause they do not agree with any single 
})rinted authority, since nearly every number and statement is give 
aftcM- a comparison of several authorities. So trustworthy a book as 
Lip})incott's "Gazetteer" states in its last edition (1892) that Pough- 
keepsie is the largest city between Albany and New York, and Elmira 
the largest city on the Erie between Bufi\ilo and New York ; that 
'' numerous steamboats " ply between Dunkirk and other lake ports, 
and tliat tlie Champlain steamers unload their passengers at White- 
hall. In heights and distances what should be standard authorities 
differ lamentably. In the second report of the State Survey it is stated 
and proved that there is a more accurate map of the moon's surface 
than of the State of New York. So where authorities differ I have 
followed those that seemed most trustworthy. 

In conclusion I have only to say that the great problem in making 
this book has been to determine what to leave out. A vast amount 
of infoi'mation that was gathered and a good deal that was juit into 
foiTii and into type has l)een omitted. A good deal has been retained 
that at first sight might not seem essential to the subject, but which 
has a place on the theory now so generally accepted of concentration 
of effort in the overcrowded curriculum of the schools of to-day. I 
have aimed to make a book that a fifth-grade })upil could use intelli- 
gently and with profit. Previous to this grade the work in this sub- 
ject must be largely confined to local geography and a development of 
general principles. If this book meets with favor, it is my plan to 
supplement it by special geographies of each of the counties, much of 
the material for which has already been gathered. In this book, the 
matter in the largest ty})e can be gone over in class ra|)idly, and yet 
so as to })roduce a strong impression u[)on the pupil of the main 
features of the State geography. With older classes the medium- 
sized type may be required, and a teachers' class should know the 
whole book thoroughly. If it interests the pupil nearly as much as it 
has the author it will serve a good purpose. 

Syracuse, April 11, 181)5. 



CONTENTS 



PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 9 

L POSITION AND BOUNDARIES 10 

Approximate Distances, Map 11 

II. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY, EcUef Map 11 

General Outline 13 

The Hudson 13 

Lake Chamijlain 13 

The Mohawk 15 

Connections lo 

Watersheds 15 

III. SURFACE 

Mountains 17 

(1) The Highlands,/^/ 17 

(2) The Catskills, Picture of Slide Mt 17 

(3) The Adirondacks, EdicJ Map 19 

(4) The Alleghanies ' 19 

Rivers 20 

Systems, Maps , ,20, 23 

(1) The St. Lawrence System 20 

(a) Niagara and Lake Erie Tributaries, 1^ Ills 20 

{b) Genesee Tributaries, j^ ///.s..... 23 

(c) Oswego Tributaries, III 24 

(d) St. Lawrence Tributaries, 3 Ills 25 



(e) Lake Champlain Tributaries. 



(2) The Hudson System, S Ills 27 

(3) The Delaware System, S Ills 31 

(4) The Susquehanna System, III 32 

(5) The Ohio System 32 

Lakes, 3It(p. 33 

(1) The St. Lawrence System, 11 Ills 33 

(2) The Hudson System, III 41 

(3) Tlie Susquehanna System, III 42 

(5) The Ohio System 42 

Canals, 3Iap and /// 42 

Waterfalls, 3Iap 44 

(V) 



vi Geograi'Iiy of the E.mpikk State 

PAGE 

(1) The St. Lawrence System, 6 Ills 44 

(2) The Hudson System, 5 Ills 51 

Mineral Springs, Map and 10 Ills 56 

Islands, 3Iap, and 11 Ills 59 

IV. GEOLOGY, JMap and Chart CA 

V. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS OG 

VI. POLITICAL DIVISIONS 68 

(1) CouNTiES, Map 68 

(2) Indian Reservations, j\fa]> 69 

(3) Cities, Map 70 

(4) Villages, Map 72 

VIL EDUCATION, Po)fm/7 73 

(1) Colleges, Map 74 

(2) Normal Schools, J/aj> and Port rait 75 

(3) ChxVritable and Correctional Institutions, Map... 76 
VIII. RAILWAY JOURNEYS 

(1) N. Y. C. & II. R., i? Maps and 29 Ills 77 

(2) N. Y. L. E. &\Y., 2 Maps and 3 Ills 93 

(3) ^.\Y.&0.,Mapand3 Ills 98 

01 
07 
10 
11 
12 
14 
14 
15 
16 
16 
16 
17 
17 
17 
17 
17 



(4) D. & IL Canal Co., 2 Maps and 5 Ills 

(5) D. L. & W., Map and 2 Ills 

(6) Lehigh Valley, Map and III , 

(7) W. N. Y. & P., Map 

(8) N. Y. 0. & W., Map 

(9) Harlem Division of N. Y. C 

(10) U. & D., Ill ." 

(11) Walkill A'alley 

(12) E. C. & N., iMap 

(13) Pennsylvania, Map 

(14) Fall Brook, Map 

(15) B. R. & v., Map 

(16) L. S. & M. S., iMap 

(17) N. Y. C. & St. L., Map 

(18) D. A. V. & P., Map 

(19) Long Island, 2Iap 

^yEST Shore 77 

P. R. cfeN. E., Ill 87 

N. D. & C 89 

N. Y. & N. E 89 

C. N. Y. & W Ill 

N. Y. &N 114 



Contents vii 

MAPS 

PAGE 

Relief Maps, Eastern New Yoi-k 12 

Hudson River Valley 14, 88 

Adirondack Region 18, 102 

BiRDSEYE Views 

Lake Keuka 34 

Manhattan Island (31 

Geological Strata 6o 

Buffalo 77 

The Hudson near New York 02 

Outline Maps, on Uniform Scale 

Approximate Distances 11 Colleges 74 

River Systems 20 Normal Schools 75 

Rivers 23 Prisons and Asylums 76 

Lakes 33 N. Y. C. & H. R 77 

Canals 43 N. Y. L. E. & W IK} 

Waterfalls 44 R. W. & 99 

Mineral Springs 56 D. & H 101 

Islands 59 I). L. & W 107 

Geological Strata 64 Lehigh A^allcy 110 

Counties 69 W. N. Y.& P Ill 

Indian Reservations 69 N. Y. O. & AV 112 

Cities 70 E. C. & N., etc 116 

A^illages 72 

Railway Map of Long Island 118 

ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE PAGE 

Adirondack Mountains 38,39 Cayuga Lake 35 

Albany 84, Si], 105 Chemung River 32 

alluvial hills 79 Cornell University 35 

Ausable Chasm 50 Dansville 108 

Black River Falls 49 Delaware County 115 

Blackwell's Island 62 Delaware River 30, 95 

Blue Mountain Lake 37 Downing, A. S 75 

Brooklyn Bridge 29 East River Bridge 29 

BuffalJ 77 Ellis Island 60 

Canadarago Lake 58 Erie Canal 43, 80 

Cantilever Bridge 21, 78, 98 Erie, Lake 21, 77 

Capitol at Albany. . .9, 84, 86, 105 Fort Niagara .' .21 

Castle AVilham 60, 61 Fort Ticonderoga 40 

Catskill Mountains 17, 55 Garden Citv 60 



Geogkai'Jiy of Till': Empijik State 



Genesee Falls 24 

Genesee Valley 2:5, 24, 108 

Glens Falls 51 

Governor's Island GO, Gl 

Grand Central Dc|)ot 1» 1 

Gil ymard ol 

Hawks Nest l^ocks 1)5 

High Brido-e 29 

Higblands'of the Hudson IG 

Howe's Cave 55 

Hudson Kivcr...28, 51, 8G, 87, 89, 
90, 91, 104, 105 

Huguenot 94 

Ithaca 35, 48 

Ithaca Falls 48 

Kaaterskill Falls 55 

Keuka Lake 34 

Lake Cham|)lain G2 

Lake Erie 21, 77 

Lake George 40 

Lake ]\k)honk 41 

Lake Placid 39 

Little Falls 52 

Lockport 43 

Long Sault Rapids 26 

Massawe})ie Lake 37 

Mohawk River 52 

Mormon Hill 79 

Morningside Park 91 

Natural Vase 36 

Neversink River 30, 3 1 , 94 

Newburgh 28, 89 

New York Gl, 91, 93 

Niagara Falls, Frouf.:2\, 77, 78, 98 

Niagara Tunnel 21,22 

Oneonta 106 

Oriskany Monuineiit 82 

Otsego Lake 42 

Palatine Bridge 8;] 

Palisades 27 

Pahnvra 79 

Porta-e Falls 23 

Port Jervis 30 



Poughkeepsie Bridge 87 

Randall's Island.... 62 

Rensselaer Polyteclniic Inst 105 

Richfield Springs 58 

Rochester 24 

Rocky Run 47 

Rondout ( 'reek 29 

St. Lawrence Ptiver 2(>, G:5, 100 

St. Paul's School 60 

Saratoga ]\Ionunient 103 

Saratoga Springs 57 

Seal of the State 9 

Seneca Lake 35, 46 

Skaneateles Lake 36 

Skinner, Charles R 73 

Slide Mountain 17 

Statue of Liberty 92 

Stuyvesant, Peter 9 

Sunnyside 91 

Suspension Bridge 21 

Susquehanna Valley 106 

Syracuse 80, 81 

Syracuse Lhii versify 81 

Taughannock Falls 47 

Three River Point 25 

Thousand Islands 26, 63, 100 

Ticonderoga, Fort 47 

Trenton Falls 53 

Trinity Church 93 

Tri-States Junction 30 

Troy 104 

Vassar College 89 

AVall Street 92 

Ward's Island 63 

A\^ashington Bridge 29 

Washington's Headquarters 89 

Watertown 49 

Watkins 35, 45 

Watkins Glen 45 

WellsCollege HO 

West Point. 28, 90 

WestShore R.R 29 

Whirlpool Rapids 21 




THE 
EMPIRE 
L STATE 




k 



PETRCJSSTOYVESANT 



y^i,^' TiiK leadino i)()sitioii of New York among 
the United States in population, in wealth, in 
commerce, and in manufactures is well known, 
but people do not generally recognize it as 
geographically the most interesting area of its 
size in the world. Almost all the natural won- 
ders which singly have given reputation to 
other regions are found here. Its Niagara is the 
giant of cataracts, and its Trenton Falls are hardly equalled for placid 
beauty. Its mineral springs excel in extent of territory and in variety. 
Its Thousand Islands have no parallel. Its Howe's Cave is not so 
wonderful as the Mammoth Cave, or its two natural bridges as the 
great Natural Bridge of Virginia, or its Adirondack region as the 
Yellowstone Park, or its Ausable Chasm as Marshall Park, or its 
Watkins Glen as Cheyenne Cafion ; its Mount Marcy is not even as 
high as Mount Washington, and its Catskills are not to be compared 
with the Alps or the Rockies ; its Hudson lacks the traditions of the 
castle-guarded Rhine, and its interior lakes are not garlanded with the 
folk-tales of Luzerne. But no other region of the earth so unites this 
variety of natural attractions as New York. It has the types of 
almost everything that makes travel interesting, and it has them near 
together, connected by easy routes of access, and most of them within 
the reach of every resident. Many of them every resident must see, 
for the leading lines of railway run by them, and it is only a question 
whether when he sees them he will recognize their significance. AMiat 
Horatio Seymour saw in riding from Niagara Falls to New York is 
told on pages 82, 83. This book is a contribution toward making 
travel correspondingly interesting to all children who are taught in 

New York schools. 

(9) 



GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



I. POSITION AND BOUNDARIES 

The State of New York is situated between 40° 29' 40" and 
45° 0' 42" N. latitude, and between 71° 51' and 79° 47' 25" longitude 
w. of Greenwich. It is bounded on the n. by Canada and Connecti- 
cut ; E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic 
Ocean ; s. by the ocean. New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and av. l)y 
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Canada. 

The northern boundaiy, commencing in the middle of Lake Ontario, n. of the mouth of Kiagara 
River, extends eastward 175 m. throuprh the lake, midway between the opposite shores, to its e. 
extremity ; thence north-easterly 108 m. through the St. Lawrence River to the 45th parallel of n. 
latitude ; thence easterly 62.75 m. in a gradually diverging line from the parallel, terminating upon 
Lake Champlaiu 4,200 feet n. of the parallel. 

The Eastern Boundary extends s. 105 m. through Lake Champlain to its s. extremity ; thence 17.25 
m. s. E. along Poultney River* ; thence in an irregular line, but in a generally southerly direction 54. C6 
m, to the Massachusetts line ; 50.52 m. to the Connecticut line; and 81.20 m. through Connecticut to 
Byram Point, at the mouth of Byram River, on Long Island Sound. From this point the line extends 
eastward 90 m. through the Sound, very near the Connecticut shore, to the e. extremity of Long Island, 
including within the limits of the State nearly all the islands in the Sound. This boundary is defined 
by Chap. 213 of the laws of 1880. 

The Southern Boundai-y extends from the e. extremity of Long Island 150 m. along the ocean to the 
s. w. extremity of Staten Island ; thence 44 m. northward through the channel between Staten Island 
and New Jersey and through New York Bay and the Hudson to the 41st parallel of n. latitude ; thence 
north-westerly 48.50 m. to a point upon the Delaware at latitude 41° 20' n. ; thence northwesterly along 
Delaware River 78 m. to latitude 42° n.; thence 235.50 w. along the 42d. parallel to a meridian passing 
through the av. extremity of Lake Ontario. 

The Western Boundary, commencing upon the 42d parallel, extends n. 22 m. to the middle of Lake 
Erie ; thence eastward 50 m. to the e. extremity of the lake ; and thence n. 34 m. through Niagara 
River and to the middle of Lake Ontario. 

For details as to the boundaries of the State, consult " Report of the Regents of the University on 
the Boundaries of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, May 2Sth, 1873 ", 8vo, pp. 302, 
Albany, 1874 ; and " Report of the Regents' Boundary Commission upon the New York and Pennsyl- 
vania Boundary, with the final report of Maj. H. M\ Clarke ", 8vo. pp. 490, Albany 188G. 

The extreme length of the State, including Long Island, is 40.S 
miles ; excluding Long Island, 340 miles. The extreme breadth is 
310 miles. The entire boundary is 1,420 miles long ; of which 540 
are land and 880 water. 

It contains 47,620 square miles of land, and 1,550 of water, — 49,170 
in all. There are 22 States larger and 19 smaller. It is le.ss than 
one-fifth as large as Texas (262,290) ; and 40 times as large as PJiodo 
Island (1,250), which is about the size of Oneida county. It is nearly 
as large as all England (58,320). 

It will be observed that the northern boundary of New York is 
midway between the Equator and the North Pole, or on the latitude 



'■ See Chap. 937, laws of 1879. 

(10) 



Position and Boundakies 



11 



of Bordeaux, Turin, and the mouth of the Danube. New York is 
due w. from ]\Iadrid, Naples, and Constantinople ; and nearly e. from 
Pekin. Elmira is directly n. of the city of Washington. New York 
is nearly n. of Santiago in Chili ; Niagara Falls, of Quito, in Ecuador. 

It should be noted that the State contains several convenient 
approximate scales of miles, with which the pupil should be thoroughly 
familiar. 

Thus the following distances are very nearly 50 miles, as shown on 
the map, and from the lengths of boundaries just given : 




(1) From the middle of Lake Erie to the e. extremity of the Lake (.10) 

(2) From the Poultney river to the Massachusetts line (54). 

(3) From the ]\Iassachusetts to the Connecticut line (54^). 

(4) From the Hudson to the Delaware river (48i). 

The following are approximately 100 miles, also from boundaries : 

(1) Through the St. Lawrence to the parallel (108). 

(2) Through Lake Champlain to its southern end (at Whitehall) (105). 

(3) From the Connecticut boundary to the extremity of Long Island (96). 

(4) The southern boundary of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Steuben counties (94). 

The following are approximately 150 miles : 

(1) Between the extreinities of Long Island and Staten Island (150). 

(2) New York to Albany, N. Y. C. R R. (143). 

(3) Saratoga to Rouse's Point, D. & II. R.R. (153). 

(4) Albany to Binghamton, D. & 11. R R (142). 

(5) Albany to Syracuse, N. Y. C. R.R. (147^). 

(6) Syracuse to Buffalo, N. Y. C. R R ) 149*). 

(7) Buffalo to Elmira, D. L. & W. R.R. (146j. 



General Topography 13 

Amoiiff the other approximate distances by railway that might be noted are the following : 

50 miles— KVo&ny to Pittsfleld, Mass., B. & A., (51) ; New York to Brewster. Harlem iffZ) ; Syracuse 
to Geneva, and Geneva to Rochester, Auburn branch of N. Y. C. (each 51) ; Batavia to Canandaigua, 
N. Y. C. (50). 

100 miles— Utica, to Watertown, R. W. & O. (92) ; Syracuse to Rochester, Auburn branch of N. 
Y. C. (102). 

150 miles— Home to Norwood, R. W. & O. (147) ; Syracuse to Norwood, R. W. & O. (148) ; Buffalo to 
Oswego, R. W. & O. (151). The Hudson river is navigable to Troy (151). 

It should be remembered that approximations like these fixed in the mind and ready- 
to hand when required are of immediate practical value. 

II. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY 

General outline — The general form of New York is that of an 
isosceles triangle. 

The Hudson River, Lake George, and Lake Champlain lie in a 
narrow and rugged valley reaching from the Bay of New York to the 
St. Lawrence. This is intersected at right angles, about midway, by 
the valley of the ]\Iohawk. These deep channels constitute the great 
base lines of our State. Its triangular form corresponds with their 
courses. 

They demand a particular description, for they are intimately connected with the 
history of New York. They have been the war paths of savage bands and of dis- 
ciplined armies. They are the scenes of the most interesting' and important occurrences 
in the history of the State and nation. They create our commanding and peculiar 
relationship with other sections of our country. See opposite map, which gives, besides 
the rivers, the Champlain, the Erie, and the Black River canals, utilizing their valleys. 

The Hudson — The harbor of New York, with its accessory bays, its 
connection with Long Island Sound, its confluent rivers and its differ- 
ent passages to the Atlantic, excites the admiration of all who study 
its wonderful adjustments. From this bay you float up the Hudson, 
past the cliffs of the Palisades, to the rocky ftistnesses of the highlands. 
Here every analogy of nature leads you to look for rocky barriers, but 
you are borne by the Atlantic tide a hundred miles beyond the moun- 
tain chain which elsewhere divides the valley of the Mississippi from 
the Atlantic coast. 

Nothing can be more impressive than the ocean's deep and sullen ebb and flow far 
down among the great foundations of those stern grey heights. They stand as if 
arrested here when pressing upon the river current, while north and south they stretch 
far away in unbroken chains to the St. Lawrence or the Gulf of Mexico. Elsewhere, 
rivers dash down the steep sides of the Alleghanies ; but where these crowd upon the 
Hudson, they are cleft sheer down to their very roots. An enduring gateway is made 
through stern portals for ships of war, for vessels deeply laden with commerce, and for 
iron tracks upon which swift engines drag long trains of cars at the foot of rude cliffs, 
or through tunnels which pierce their granite buttresses. Ranged for many miles along 
both banks of the Hudson, had the Alleghanies thrown a single spur across its stream, 
how would it have changed the course of events in our land ! Impressed with this 
unbroken ocean current through the Highlands, the observant Indian called it "the 
river of the mountains ". 

Lake Champlain — Continuing up its valley, we find h'ing in its 
northern depression, separated, from the waters of the Hudson by a 
short 2:)ortage, the wild and picturesque Lake George and Lake Cham- 



CtKXKi;al ''J\)i'(»(;iiAi'HY 15 

plain. From the Bay of New York to the watei-s of tlie 8t. Lawrence, 
this great valley divides the eastern part of our tState and all of New 
England from the rest of our confederacy. 

In its whole length, its wild sconeiy accords with its striking legends. Its lower 
section, along the Iludscm, was the stronghold of our country in the Kevolutionary 
struggle. It was the fortress of our liberties. Its rocky points, its mountain heiglits, 
its deep ravines, are associated witli the history of the war for independence. There is 
iiardly a spot which does not bear the marks of invading assaults or of the intrenched 
defences of our armies. The waters in the upper valley, which flow to the north, are 
still more deeply tinged with blood, and have wilder and older traditions of savage 
contests and of disciplined war. No other part of our continent has witnessed so much 
of relentless war, of bloody massacres and of tierce battles, as have startled the echoes of 
its beautiful lakes, and disturbed their wonted quiet and repose. 

The Mohcavh, which intersects this valley, is intimately associated 
with it in historical interest and gcograi)hical importance. Its valley 
has extensions to Oswego and Western New York. In passing up its 
baidcs from its confluence with the Hudson, we find that at Little 
Falls it also breaks through one of the ranges of the Alleghanies. 

Were the gorge at Little Falls and that at Quebec filled up, all New York and Upper 
Cacada would be again, as they once were, one huge lake. 

Connections — In the county of Oneida, it flows througli level lands, 
which, expanding as they stretch away to the west, are at length 
merged in the great plain of the Mississippi valley. At Rome, the 
waters of the jMohawk, when swollen by floods, mingle with tliose 
which flow into Lake Ontario. 

These physical peculiarities of the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk produce 
remarkable results. Not only are the waters of the harbor of New York and the St. 
Lawrence connected by the valley we have described, but turning up the Mohawk, the 
light canoe of the savage hunter could float into the tributaries of Lake Ontario, and, 
making a portage around the falls of Niagara, continue on its way through Green Bay, 
the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, into the Mississippi, and thence up the IMissouri into the 
very gorges of the Rocky Mountains ; a distance by the course of streams, of more than 
four thousand miles. The entire length of the same route can now be traversed by a 
vessel of burden, by the aid of artificial channels. But a single mile separates the head 
waters of the Missouri from those of the Columbia river. From the mouth of that 
stream on the Pacific to the Bay of New York, with the exception of this one mile, 
there is an unbroken chain of water. The courses of the Hudson and Mohawk, deeply 
groved into the surface of our State, thus give us the control of the connnerce between 
the 20,000 miles of navigation on the lakes and rivers of the West, and the Atlantic 
Ocean and the maritime world of the East. 

Its watersheds — New York's commanding j^osition is shown by 
another remarkable fact in its geography. The hills on either side of 
the Mohawk gradually rise up to elevations which pour from their out- 
ward, or northern and southern slopes, the sources of great rivers which 
traverse other States. The waters which drain from our territories 
flow by the principal commercial cities of the Union, From Northern 
New York they ran into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, passing 
by IVIontreal and Quebec ; by the Hudson, which is exclusively a river 



1() CiEOGKAriiY OF TTFK E>rprKE State 

of our state, into the harbor of New York ; from its soutlieast section 
into the Delaware, past Philadelphia, into the Delaware ]>ay; by the 
Susquehanna past Baltimore into the Chesapeake ; by the sources of 
the Alleghany into Ohio, i)ast Cincinnati and New Orleans, into the 
Gulf of Mexico. Tims New York enjoys the ai-<})earenlly inconsistent 
advantages of having the deepest eluumcls for comnu'rce with the 
AVest, and at the same time of being at the head of the givat valleys- 
of the United States. 

This is not a fad of nu're geographical interest. It gives the State substantial advan- 
tages. It enables lis to penetrate with our canals and railroads into all i)arts of the 
country, by following the easy and natural routes of rivers. We can go into twenty 
States and two-thirds of the territories of the Union, without leaving the courses of 
valleys. Xo other Atlantic State can make a communication between its eastern and 
western borders without overcoming one or more mountain ridges. 

To reea})itulate, one angle of Ni'W York rests U])on the Atlantic, 
anotlier ri'aehes north to the St. Lawrene(\ while the third stretches 
west to the great Likes and the valhys and streams comiected with 
the ]\lississi})2)i. New York is placed at the heads of the great valleys, 
while the ]\[ohawk and the Hudson unite them all and give her com- 
mand of the commerce of the coimtry. 

III. SURFACE 
Mountains 
New York lies upon that portion of the Appalachian ]\Iountain 
system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills 
and tinally sink to a level of tlie lowlands that surround the great 
de}»ression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The 
average height of the State above seadevel is al)out U--*^*^ f<-'«^^'h 

There are two terraces parallel to the shores of Lake Ontario. One, known as the 
Lake liidgc, from 3 to 8 miles from the shore, may be plainly traced from Sodus Point 
to the Niagara River. Dr. Hall says of it . "It bears all the marks of having been the 
boundary of a large lake, and of having been pnKluced in the same manner as the 
beaches of the ocean." The other, called the JMouulaiu Ridge, 200 feet higher, is some 
30 miles from the shore. Most of the central lakes of the State are in this terrace. 

Three distinct mountain masses or ranges enter the State from the 
s. and extend across it in a general x. E. direction. 

(1) Tlic IligJi lands — The most easterly of these ranges — a continu- 
ation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia — enters the 
State from New Jersey and extends n. e. through 
' Rockland and Orange counties to the Hudson, 
aj)})earson the e. side of that river, and forms 
the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess coun- 
nuDsoN HiGnL.\NT)s tics*. A northerly extension of the same range 

*Thisran.sre continues the Tagrhanic mountains. In Rockland county it is locally known as the 
Eaniapo Mountains ; iu Putuain county, as the Matteawan :M(iuntains. 




MOFXTAINS 



17 



passes into the Green Mountains of Western Massachusetts and 
Vermont. This range culminates in the Ilighhiuds upon the Hudson. 
The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above tide. 

The rocks which compose these mountains arc principally primitive or igneous, and 
the mountains themselves are rough, rocky, and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. 
The deep gorge formed by the Hudson in passing through tliis range presents some of 
the finest scenery in America, and has often been compared to the celebrated valley of 
the Rhine. One range is cleft in two by the Hudson at West Point. 

(2) The CafskiUs — The second series of mountains enters the State 
from Pennsylvania,* and extends x. e. through Sullivan, Ulster and 
Green counties, terminating and culminating in the Catskill Moun- 
tains upon the Hudson. Slide Mountain, shown in this picture, has 




an aUitude of 4,200 feet.' >i 
Tlie lowest parts of Dela-'*, 
ware and Sullivan counties 'v^;"" 
are (300 feet above tide. f%^f 

The Shawangunk (sh6n gum) 
^Mountains, a high and continuous ?>= 
ridge continuing the Kittatinny and 
Blue Mountains of Pennsylvani i, 
and extending between Sullivan am 
Orange counties and into the s. pai' 
of Ulster, are the extreme E. rango 
of this series. The Helderberg am 
Hellibark Mountains are spurs e\ 





^•^cisili^t 



tending k. from tlie nviin 
range into Albany and Sclio- 

lui' counties Bctvvcen the 
. 'a ware and Pepacton Rivers 

ii ^ range is known as the 
1 laware Mountains. 

whole mountain sys- 
ttni is principally composed 
of the rocks of the New York 
s'^^tem above the Medina sand- 



* A continuation of mountains known there as the Alleghany, Laurel Hill, and Broad Top. 



Mountains 19 

stone. The summits are generally crowned with old red sandstone and with the con- 
glomerate of the coal measures. The declivities are steep and rocky ; and a large share 
of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hudson, and 
from their summits are obtained some of the finest views in Eastern New York. 

(3) The Adirondacks — The third series of mountains enters the State 
from Pennsylvania and extends n. e. through Broome, Delaware, 
Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery, and Herkimer counties to the Mo- 
hawk, appears upon the n. side of that river, and extends n. e., form- 
ing the whole series of higlilauds that occupy the n. e. part of the 
State, generally known as the Adirondack Mountain region. Its gen- 
eral character is well shown on the opposite map. 

South of the Mohawk this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular 
hills, occupying a wide space of country. It is broken by the deep ravines of the 
streams, and in many places the hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of 
the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connection is easily traced 
at Little Falls, The Noses, and other places. 

North of the ]\Iohawk the highlands extend n. e. in several distinct ranges, all ter- 
minating upon Lake Champlain. The culminating point of the whole system, and the 
highest mountain in the State, is Mt. Marcy. 5,344 feet above tide. The heights of 
some of the Adirondack mountains are thus given by Mr. Colvin : 

Basin Mt., 4,905 IIay.stack Mt. 4,919 Mt. Redfield, 4,688 

Mt. Clinton, 4.937 Hump (Mt. Marcy), 4,998 Saddle Mt., 4,536 

Mt. Golden, 4,7:3 Lake Tear Notch, 4,355 Mt. Santanoni, 4,644 

Mt Colvin, 4,142 jNIt Mclntyre, 5,113 Mt. Seward, 4,384 

Mt. Dis, 4,916 Ut. Macomb, 4,371 Mt. Skylight, 4,890 

Giant of the Valley Mt. 4,530 Mt. Marcy, 5,344 Tawahus (Mt. Marcy), 5,344 

Gothic Mt. 4,744 Nipple Top Mt. 4.684 Whiteface Mt., 4,87sJ» 

Gray Peak, 4902 Ragged Mt. 4,163 

The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains are 
usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely unfit for culti- 
vation ; but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of 
iron ore 

(4) The AUeghanies. — AYest of these ranges, series of hills forming 
spurs of the AUeghanies enter the State from Pennsylvania and occupy 
the entire s half of the w. part of the State. An irregular line extend- 
ing, as shown in the map, through the southerly counties forms the 
watershed that separates the northern and southern drainage ; and 
from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally term- 
inates in the level of Lake Ontario. 

The portion of the State lying s. of this watershed and occupying the greater part of 
the two southerly tiers of counties is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Penn- 
sylvania line they are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but toward 
the N. their summits become broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the 
highland region is too steep for profitable cultivation and is best adapted to grazing. 
The highest summits in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties are 2,000 to 3,000 feet above 
tide, and from 500 to 1 ,400 feet above their valleys. Angelica is 1,428 and Franklinville 
is 1,580 feet above sealevel. 

From the summits of the watershed the highlands usually descend toward Lake 
Ontario in series of terraces, the edges of which are the outcrops of tlie different rocks 
which underlie the surface. These terraces are usually smooth, and, although inclined 
toward the n. the inclination is generally so slight that they appear to be level. Between 



10 



Geography of the Empire State 



the hills of the s. uiid the level hiud of the K. is ;i betiutiful rolling region, the ridges 
gVadually declining toward the N. 

lu that ])art of the State s. of the most eastern mountain range the surface is gener- 
ally level or broken by low hills. In New York and Westchester counties these hills are 
principally composed of primitive rocks. The surface of Long Island is generally level 
or gently undulating. A ridge 150 to 300 feet high, composed of sand, gravel, and clay, 
extends k. and w. across the island n. of the centre. 

Rivers 
The river system lias five general divisious, as roughly shown upon 
the following map. 




(1) TJie ^^'f. Lav K it( i ^ij^tnii, flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

(2) Tlte Hudson Sy.vfcm, flowing into Kcw York Bay. 

(3) The Delaware System, flowing into the Gulf of Delaware. 

(4) The Susquehanna System, flowing into Chesapeake Bay. 

(5) The Ohio System, flowing throngh the INIississippi into the Gulf 
of Mexico. 

(1) The St. Lawrence System. — This northerly division has five gen- 
eral subdivisions, (a) The most westerly of these comprises all the 
streams flowing into Lake Eric and Niagara Pdver (2*) and those flow- 
ing into Lake Ontario w. of Genesee River (4). In Chautauqua County 
the streams are short and rapid, as the watershed approaches within a 
few miles of Lake Erie. Cattaraugus (1) and Tonaw^anda (3) Creeks 
are the most important streams in this division. The Tonawanda for 
12 miles from its mouth is used for canal navigation. Oak Orchard 
and other creeks flowing into Lake Ontario descend from the interior 
in a series of rapids, affording a large amount of water-power. 

*The numbers hi parentheses refer to the map on page 23. 



Rivers 



21 



The Cattaraugus is fur much of its course wikl and picturesque. Tlie Buffalo, 
Rochester and Pittsburg railway crosses it by a viaduct 250 feet high, and this is 130 feet 
below the neighboring banks. These high banks are broken here and there by tributary 
streams, forming in the adjoining roads for 6 or 8 miles what are known as " Cattaraugus 
breakers", as the road goes up and down like the waves of the sea. 

Niagara River (2), forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long, 

and, on an average, more than a mile wide. About 20 miles below 

Lake Erie the rapids commence ; and 2 miles further below are 



-.. 4L!X_- 



OUTLET OFLftKrERrE- 



m \^^s^^^- 



PROSPECT POINT r^\ 





Niagara Falls, some views c-f which are given in the sketches above. 



RlVER^^ 



The enormous fall has been utilized by the machinery shown in the opposite picture,* 
where 125,000 horse-power is already made available. 

For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between 

perpendicular rocky banks, 200 to .300 feet high ; but l)elow it 




emerges from tlie liighlands and tiows seven miles to Lake Ontario 
in a broad, deep, and mnjestic current. 

(6) The second subdivision comprises the Genesee River (4) and its 
tributaries. The Genesee rises in the n. part 
of Pennsylvania and flows in a northerly direc- 
tion to Lake Ontario. Its upper course is 
through a narrow valley bordered by steep, 
rocky hills. LTpon the line of Wyoming and 
Livingston counties it breaks through a moun- 
tain barrier in a deep gorge and forms the 
Portage Falls, — one of the finest waterfalls in 
the State. 
Here the Genesee descends in a series of three falls, more 
PORTAGE FALLS than 300 feet in a distance of 2^ miles. 

The water has worn a deep and irregular ravine in the shelving rocks, and the nearly 
perpendicular banks at the foot of the lower falls are 380 feet high. 

The Upper or Horse-Shoe Falls are about three-fourths of a mile below Portageville. The name 
is derived from the curve in the face of the cliff over which the water flows. For a short distance 
ab(5ve the edge of the precipice the water is broken by a succession of steps in the rock, forming a. 
series of rapids. The height of the fall, including the rapids, is about 70 feet. 




* Reproduced by the courtesy of The Van Denbergh Laboratory of Chemical Industry, Buffalo. 



24 



GEOCiKAl'HY OF THE EmPIKE StATE 



The Middle Falls are about one-half mile further down the river. For 2 or 3 rods above the edge 
of the cliff the water is broken into rapids, and then in an nubrokcn sheet it pours down 110 feet into 
a chasm below, bounded by perpendicular ledges. A cave called " BeviVs Oven ", has been worn in 
the rocks under the V,-. bank, near the bottom of the falls. In low water ICO persons can be seated 
within it ; but when the river is high it is filled with water, and is only accessable by boats. 

The Lower Falls consist of a series of rapids one-half mile in extent, with an aggregate fall of 150 
feet. For about 2 miles below the Middle Falls the river pursues a winding and rapid course between 
high perpendicular walls ; then descends in a succession of steps almost as regular as a staircase, dives 
under a shelving rock, shoots out in a narrow pass not more than 15 feet wide, rushes down a nearly 
perpendicular descent of 20 feet, strikes against the base of high rocks standing almost directly in the 
course, whirls back, and, turning at nearly right angles, falls into a deep pool overhung with shelving 
rocks. The perpendicular bank on the w. side of the river at one point is 380 feet. 

Below this point the course of the river is through a beautiful valley 
1 to 2 miles wide and bordered by banks 50 to loO feet high. 
At Rochester it flows over the precipitous edges of the Kiagara 
limestone, 
forming the 
Upper Genesee 
Falls; and 3 
miles below it 
flows over the 
edge of the 
Medina sand- 
stone forming 
the Lower Gen- 
esee Falls. The 
j^rincipal tril)- 

utaries of this stream are Conesus (5) and Honeoye (6) Creeks. 
Iloneoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus Lakes lie within the 
Genesee Basin. 

At the Upper Falls the stream falls a distance of 96 feet over the perpendicular edge of the Niag- 
ara limestone underlaid by shale. Below the Upper Falls the river flows 1% miles, through a deep 
ravine bounded by nearly perpendicular sides, to the Middle Falls, where it has a descent of 25 feet. 
One hundred rods below, it descends 84 feet over a ledge of Medina sandstone to the level of Lake 
Ontario. The whole fall of the Genesee Kiver within Monroe county is 280 feet. In 1829, Sam Patch, 
who had successfully jumped 100 feet from Goat Island into the Niagara River, was drowned by jiunp- 
ing from the bank of the Genesee just below the Falls shown on the picture, a distance of 125 feet. 

(e) The third subdivision includes the Oswego River (12) and its 
tributaries, and the small streams flowing into Lake Ontario between 
Genesee and Oswego Rivers. Mud Creek (7), the most westerly branch 
of Oswego River, takes its rise in Ontario County, flows N. e. into 
AVayne, where it unites with Canandaigua Outlet (8) and takes the 
name of Clyde River (9) ; thence it flows e. to the w. line of Cayuga 
County, where it empties into Seneca River (10). This latter stream, 
made up of the outlets of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, from this point 
flows in a n. e. course, and receives successively the Outlets of Owasco, 
Skaneateles, Onondaga, and Oneida Lakes, the last through the Oneida 
Riv(n- (11). From where it nn-ets the last-named stream at Three 




Rivers 



25 




lAiver Point, as sliowu in the cut, it takes the name Oswego River (12), 
<nnd its course is nearly due N. to Lake Ontario. 

The flow of water is about 600,000 cubic feet a minute. Three River Point, is 20 
miles above Oswego, and there is a fall of water amounting to 75 feet. ' This space is 
taken up by 7 dams erected and maintained by the State. Of these two ai'e situated at 
Oswego, covering a fall of 40 feet. These dams accord hydraulic privileges equal to 
25,000 horse power. But a moderate outlay is required to keep the flow in the river near 
the average for the year. Of this water supply 75,000 cubic feet are in actual use in 
Oswego, Avhere a canal is provided for the reception which furnishes 50 runs of first 
class water and over 17 of the second class. Two dams are situated at Fulton with 20, - 
000 horse-power. At this point the water privileges are most available, although 
Oswego has the greater representation of industries. The Oswego River water-shed 
produces clear cold water, which is perfectly under control of man, no matter what the 
circumstances or exigences." 

((?) The fourth subdivision includes the streams flowing into Lake 
Ontario and the St. Lawrence (15) e. of the mouth of the Oswego. 
'The i^rincipal of these are Salmon (13), Black (14), Oswegatchie (17), 
■Grasse (18), Racket (19), St. Regis (20), and Salmon (21) Rivers. The 
Indian River (16) is a tributary of the Oswegatchie. These streams 
mostly take their rise upon the plateau of the great northern wilder- 
ness, and in their course to the lowlands are frequently interrupted by' 
falls, furnishing an abundance of water-power. The water is usually 
very dark, being colored with iron and the vegetation of swamps. 

St. Lawrence River (15) forms the outlet of the lake and the n. 
boundary of the State to the e. line of St. Lawrence county. It is a 
broad, deep river, flowing with a strong yet sluggish current until it 
passes the limits of tliis State. In the upper part of its course it 



26 Geography of the Empire State 

incloses a o-roat number of small islands, known as " The Thonsand 




^ 




'fm 



^ 



Islands ". The river scenery uj^on the k*^t. Lawrence is unsurpassed. 
The Avater is perfectly pure and nearly transparent. In consequence 
of its being fed by the great lake reservoirs, it is never subject to sud-. 
den rises, but steadily pursues its majestic way to the ocean, unaffected 
by the changes of tlie seasons or other causes. Further down, how- 




ever, it h.as rapid descents at Lachino llapids shown in this picture 
and at Long 8ault Iia}>ids. 



Rivers 



27 



{c) The fifth subdivision inchich's all the streams flowing into Lakes 
George and Champlain. They are mostly mountain torrents, fre- 
quently interrupted by cascades. The principal streams are the 
Chazy (22), Saranac (23), Au Sable (24), and Poultney (25) rivers. 
Deep strata of tertiar}- clay extend along the shores of Lake Cham- 
plain. The water of most of the streams in this region is colored by 
the iron over which it flows. 

Ansable Chasm, through which the xVusable (24) makes its way to the hike, is pic- 
tured and described on page 50. 

(2) The Hudson Syshin. — The Basin of the Hudson (26) occupies 
about two-thirds of the e. border of the State, and a large territory 
extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are 
among the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, more than 4,000 feet 
above tide. Several of the little lakes which form reservoirs of the 
Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly 
descends through the narrow defiles into Warren County, where it 
receives from the e. Schroon River (27), the outlet of Schroon Lake, 
and from the w. Sacondaga River (28). Below the mouth of the 
latter the river turns eastward, and breaks through the barrier of the 
Luzerne INIountains in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Edward 
it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted 
l>y falls, to Troy, 100 miles from the ocean. At this place the river 
iallh into an estuary, where its current is affected by the tide; and 
from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep, 
sluggish stream About 60 miles from its mouth 
the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of 
the Llighlands, forming the most easterly of the 
Appalachian Mountain Ranges ; and along its 
lower course it is bordered on the w. by a nearly 
perpendicular wall of basaltic rock 300 to 500 feet 
high, known as " The Palisades ". See page 14. 
Above Troy the Hudson receives Hoosick River 
(29) from the e. and the Mohawk (30) from the w. 
At Little Falls and " The Noses" the Mohawk breaks through moun- 
tain barriers in a deep, rocky ravine ; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile 
from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 feet, 
forming an excellent water-power. The principal tributaries of the 
Mohawk are Schoharie (31) and West Canada (32) Creeks. On the 
latter are Trenton Falls. 

The Mohawk at Little Falls is pictured on page 53, and the Trenton Falls are pictured 
and described on page 53. The cascade at Cohoes is in full view of the railroad bridge, 
a short distance below. The Erie canal (see page 43) rises here by a series of 18 locks 
through the city, to a ])o:nt IHH I'cet above tide. 




\u:\\ I K'oAi imi^\Di> 












. » 



/'.' 



. 1 




^P|r 



-fn^^i 



H* 




;^^ 



Rivers 29 

Below Troy the principal tributaries of the Hudson are Jansen's (33), 




Norman's Kill (34) and Rondout (35) Creeks. The cut given shows 
the West Shore railroad bridge over Rondout Creek. 

South of the Highlands 
the river spreads out into 
a wide expanse known as 
" Tappan Bay ". 

The western arm of Long Is- 
land sound is commonly known 
as the East River (36), and the 
Hudson at New York is usually- 
called the North River. Across 
the East River is the great Brook- 
lyn Bridge, uniting New York 
with Brooklyn. This is 5,C8D 
feet long, 1S5 feet above Ihe 
and cost 15 millions. It is suspended by steel wire cables from stone peers 
273 feet above high tide, and carries prome- 
nades, carriage ways, and railway tracks. 

The Harlem River is the narrow portion 
of tide water separating Manhattan island 
from the main land. It communicates through 
Spuyten Duyvil Creek with the Hudson River, 
and at Hell Gate with the East River. It is 
spanned by High Bridge, carrying the Croton 
water to New York, and by Washington Bridge, 
whicli cost three millions. 




EAST RIVER BRIDGE 




WASHINGTON BRIDGE, HIGH BRID(;E 



Rivers 



31 



(3) The Delaware System. — The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware 
and Sullivan and iwrtions of several of the adjacent counties. The 
k; or principal branch of tlie Delaware Hiver QM}) rises in the x. e. 
part of Delaware county and flows s. w. to near the Pennsylvania line ; 
thence it turns s. e. and forms the boundary of the State to the line 
of New Jersey. 

Its principal branches are the Pepacton (40), INIongaup (39), and 




^eversink (38) Rivers. 
These streams all / 
flow in deep, nar- /? 
row ravines b o r - / 
dered l:)y steep 
rocky liills. : 

The picture on 
the opposite page 
shows the j^icture of 
Delaware and the 
Neversink at the point 
where the three States of 
New York, New Jersey, and 
Pennsylvania meet. 

(4) The Susquehanna Sijstcm. — The Susquehanna Basin occupies 
about one-third of the s. border of the State. The Susquehanna River 
(41) takes its rise in Otsego Lake, and flowing s. w. to the Pennsylvania 



ne^t:rsink valley, near guymard 



32 



Geography 



'TIE Empire State 



line, receives the Uuadilla (42) from the n. After a course of a few 
miles in Pennsylvania it again enters the State, and flows in a general 
westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga County, whence it 
turns s. and again enters Pennsylvania. Its principal tributary from 
the N. is C'lienango River (4:]), of whicli the Tioughnioga (44) is the 
principal branch. 

The Tioga River (4(3) enters the State from Pennsylvania near the 
border of Steuben County, flows x., receives the Canisteo (48) from the 
w. and the Cohocton (47) from the n. From the mouth of the latter 




the stream takes the name Chemung River (4")), a view along which is 
shown in the cut, and flows in a s. e. direction, into the Susquehanna 
(41) in Pennsylvania, a few miles s. of the State line. The upper course 
of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep 
hillsides ; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales. 
(•")) TJie Oil to Sij><frm. — Tlie .Vlleghany Basin embraces the southerly 
half of Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties and the s. w. corner of 
Allegany. The Alleghany River (49) enters the State from the s. in 
the s. E. corner of Cattaraugus County, flows in nearly a semicircle, 
with its outward curve toward the n., and flows out of the State in the 
s. w. part of the same county. It receives several tributaries from the 
X. and E., the principal of which is Conewango Creek (50). 



Lakks 



33 



The lakes are so closely associated with the rivers of which they 
are usually mere expansions*, that they might have been treated with 
them ; but in New York they are so many and form so large an element 
of its attractiveness, that it seems better to give them a separate 
heading. 




(1) The St. Lawrence System. — («) Lake Erie (1) forms a portion of 
the ^Y. boundary of the State. It is 2-10 miles long, with an average 
width of 38 miles, and it lies mostly ^\. of the bounds of the State. It 
is 334 feet above Lake Ontario (2), 573 feet above tide, and has an 
average depth of 120 feet. The greatest depth ever obtained by 
soundings is 270 feet. 

(h) Lake Ontario (2) forms a part of the x. boundary to the w. half 
of the State. Its greatest length is 130 miles and its greatest width 
55 miles. It is 247 feet aljove tide, and its greatest depth is 600 feet. 
Its principal harbors on the American shore are Lewiston, Youngstown, 
Port Genesee, Sodus and Little Sodus Bays, Oswego, Sackctt's Harbor, 
and Cape Vincent. 

The surfaces of the great lakes are sul)ject to variations of level, — probably due to 
prevailing winds, unequal amounts of rain, and evaporation. The greatest difference 
known in Lake Erie is 7 feet, and in Lake Ontario 4| feet. The time of these variations 
is irregular ; and the interval between the extremes often extends through several years. 
A sudden rise or fall of several feet has been noticed upon Lake Ontario at rare inter- 
vals, produced by some unknown cause. 

Silver (3), Conesus (4), Hemlock (5) and Iloneoyo (6) lakes lie in 

the Genesee Basin. 

Hemlock lake furnishes water to the city of Rochester. 

* It is believed that the basis of iiKxt New Yorlv lal<es were dnsr out by ice during the slaoial iieriod. 



S4 



Gkugkapiiy of the Empire State 






Ciinadice lake lies between Hemlock 
and Iloneoye lakes, as shown in the 
map. 

(r) I'lie basin of the Oswego 
includes most of tlie best-known 
inland lakes, which form so re- 
niaikablo a feature of the in- 
terior landscape of the State. 
Canandaigua (7), Keuka (8), 
Seneca (9), Cayuga (10), Skane- 
y ateks (12), and Otisco (13), all 
^ cccupv long, narrow yalleys, 
extending from the level land 
or. the north into the high- 
lands of the south. The valleys 
seem like immense ravines, 
formed by some tremendous 
force, which has torn the solid 
rocks from their original beds 
in the general level of the sur- 
rounding summits down to the 
present bottoms of the lakes*. 

The shores of Canandaigua lake (7) 
15 miles long, slope down to the veiy 
1 edge of the water, except at the head, 
I where they rise in steep bluffs to from 
I ;300 to 800 feet. Its surface is 668 feet 
; above tide. 

i Keuka (8), or Crooked Lake, 30 

' miles long, lies in a deep valky nearly 
i surrounded by steep hills 500 to 800 
I feet high, and famous like the hills on 
the Rhine for vineyards and wine- 
cellars. This bird's eye view of it 
gives an idea of the general appearance 
of all these lakes. 

■^The ravines of these lakes, and the 
streams which flow down parallel to them, 
are usually bordered by steep hillsides, the 
-trata of which lie in parallel layers nearly 
ic^vel E. and w., and slightly Inclined toward 
ihe s. Upon the opposite banks the dissev- 
ircd edges of the strata exactly correspond, 
showing that the Intermediate portions have 
been torn away The force that effected 
Uicse immense changes was probably great 
C'lrrcnts of water from the n.,— the direction 
being determined by the character of the 
boulders upon the hills, and by the peculiar 
1 atnre of the drift deposits. 



Lakes 



35 



Seneca Lake (9) 3G miles long and from 1 to 4 miles wide, i;21G feet above Lake 
Ontario, and 447 feet above tide. It occupies a deep valley, and has a depth in some 
I^laces 530 feet. Its shores are generally bold, and from their summits the land slopes 
gently and gracefully to a height of 200 to 700 feet above the surface. It is never 
entirely frozen over, and the steamers run all winter. The prosperous village of Watkins 




lies at its head, as shown in the picture, and nearby are Watkins ami Havana Gleii^, 
described on pp. 45, 47. 

It is connected by the Seneca river with Cayuga Lake (10). This lake is 38 miles 







^M 




CAYICA T.AKE, AS SKEX TV.Oyi COEXEI.L I'XIVERSITY 

long, and from 1 to 3 miles wide, and 387 feet above tide. Its greatest depth is 346 feet, 
but at the foot it is shallow, reaching out at its mouth into a swampy region known as 
the Montezuma marshes. The beautifully rolling shores give way toward the head to 
bluffs 700 feet high, cut through E. and w. by rapid side streams that give admir- 
able opportunity for the study of the State's geology. 



36 



CTEOGRArilY OF THE EmPIKE iSXATJ': 



The shores of Owasco Lake (11) are bold and ia some places precipitous. Its outlet 
liows through the city of Auburu, 2^ miles N., which it supplies with water. 

As one goes s. upou Skaneateles Lake (12), 16 miles long, the rolling farms at its foot 





NATURAL VASE, SKANEATELES LAKE 



soon give place to wooded lulls that 
rise to several hundred feet. The 
scenery here is singularly beautiful, 
making it perhaps the most attract- 
ive sheet of water in the State. For 
miles the shores on the west side pre- 
sent a constantly varying scries of 
nooks, recesses, and moss-clad rocks 
of fantastic forms. Toward the head 
the summits decline, and the land 
slopes down to tlie water, forming 
at Gien Haven a rich and lively 
landscape. By a jiipe line 20 miles 
long Syracuse draws from this lake 
an inexhaustible supply of pure 
water. 

Otisco Lake (,13), 4 miles long, 
is nearly surrounded by hills 400 to 
800 feet high. 

Onondaga Lake (14), o miles long. 



lies wholly in the level lands, and is celebrated for the salt springs that are found in two 
square miles of low, half-marshy ground about its head. Cross Lake, shown to the w^ 
N. w., is little more than an enlargement of the Seneca River. Cazenovia Lake, not 
shown, lies a few miles to the east. It is 4 miles long and 900 feet above tide. 

Oneida Lake (15), 20 miles long, and i:i some places G miles wide, lies like Onondaga 
in the level lands, being only 141i feet al):)vc Lake Ontario. Considerable land in its. 
vicinity is marshy. 



Lakes 



37 





Length 

IN 
MILES 


Greatest 

WIDTH 


Elevation 

ABO^-l; TIDE 


Greatest 

DEPTH 




15 

20 
36 

10 
16 
5 

30 


2 

2 


668 feet. 
718 " 
447 •' 
387 " 
705 " 
860 " 
361 " 
373 " 


Shallow. 


Keuka 


Seneca 

Cayuga 


630 " ■ 


Owasco 

Skaneateles 

Onondafta 

Oueida 


Shallow. 
320 feet. 
Go '• 
Shallow. 




(d) The St. Lawreuce streams drain the greater part of what tourists 
.^- -^- ~-~^~ know as the Adirondack region, in- 
cluding a multitude of small lakes, 
and some such larger ones as Fourth 
(1<3), Racket (or Raquette) (17), Cran- 
berry (18), and Black (19). 

]Moss and Tear-of-Cloud lakes are more than 
4,300 feet above sea-level. Blue Mountain 
Lake is 1£00 feet above the sea, and empties 
hrough Eagle Lake into Racket Lake. 

Massawepie Lake is the fountain head of the Grasse (or La Grasse) River (No. 18 in 

the map on page 23), 
and near it is the Child- 
wold Park House; 
while across C a t a - 
mount Pond, near by, 
is Gale's, a well-known 
headquarters for hun- 
lirs. The upper Racket 
li \ er, near by, is a 
favorite camping- 
ground. 

Tupper Lake lies a 
few miles south-east, 
still in the St Law- 
rence basin, while just 
a little N. of E. are the 
Saranac lakes, in the 
Champlain basin, the 
water-shed -being near 
line of the railroad. 

The geologic map of 
the state (1894) fails to give 
the stream connecting 
Upper and Middle Saranac 
Lakes, and so leaves the 
Upper Saranac with no 
outlet whatever. 




MASSAWEPIE LAKE, PROM CHILDWOLD PARK HOUSE 



This is the region particularly helpful to consumptives, and many 
invalids remain here the vear around. 



Lakes 



39 





ji 



(f ) Lake Champlain 
(20) receives the water 
from the closely con- 
nected upp(>r and lower 
Saranac (21) Lakes, 
and from Lake Placid 
(22), shown in the 
adjoining picture, all 
three famous as sum- 
mer resorts. It is it- 
self a favorite resort, 
its steamers offering 
a convenient route for 
summer travel, and its 
numerous islands fur- 
nishing delightful sum- 
mer homes. 

The eastern Adirondack 
region ismountainons, while 
the western region is mostly 
low, to some extent marshy. 
The pictures on these two 
opposite pages show their 
contrasting characteristics. 

The "North Woods", as 
most New Yorkers familiar- 
ly call them, are at once an 
attraction and a sanitarinm. 
Within a few hour's ride of 
any part of the State, they 
offer to the overworked and 
nervous dweller in large 
cities a sudden plunge into 
the stillness of the forest 
primeval. As Judge North- 
nip well says : "To a man 
whose life is chiefly within 
four brick walls, and whose 
every breath takes up some 
part of the street and its 
tilth, whose daily work is 
such that his body and 
health are a daily sacrifice 
to the necessities of seden- 
tary life, — to such a man 
there is nothing in the whole 
range of remedial aarents to 



40 



Ge()(;kaphy of the Empire State 




make him so sound aud strong and well and in so short a time, like the two or three 
weeks he can spare for a trip to the woods." — Qimjis and Tramps, p. 13. 

The length of the Chaniplain valley is 180 miles, aud the depth of the lake is in 

places 600 feet, or 
500 feet below the 
level of the ocean. 
Its bed is a deep 
chasm, principally 
in the primary 
rocks, f oi-merly the 
bed of an ancient 
ocean. It is inter- 
esting to note that 
its t r i b u t a r y 
streams on both 
sides bear toward 
the north. 

Among the most 
interesting of these 
is the outlet from 
Lake George, the 
water of which 
flows over two 

picturesque falls as it descends 240 feet in 4 miles. Xear Avhere the stream enters the 
lake are the famous ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, Avliich Col. Ethan Allen captured in 
177."), "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Constitutional Congress." 

Lake George (2:3), or Iloricoii, 36 miles long, aud from 1 to 4 miles 

wide, is famed for the beauty of its 
seeuery, beiug ofteu called the Como 
of America. 




i;riNS OF FORT TIOONI) 




LAKE GEORGE 



'■ Surrounded on all sides, except at the out- 
let, by beautiful hills, and mountains of primi- 
tive rock, it receives from their springs and 
brooks an unfailing supply of water that is suf- 
ficiently sparkling and pure to justify the name — St. Sacrament — which the lake origin- 
ally received. At some remote period, this whole region was swept over by a great 
deluge which left the country far and wide covered with loose earth and gravel, and 
gave to the lake a floor of beautiful white sand. This, in connection with the crystal 
purity of the water, renders objects visible at a considerable depth. 

" Only a small ])ortion of the lake is seen at a single view. There is no broad and 
striking expanse of water. This lake (like Como and AVindermere) assimies more of 
the character of a noble river flanked by highlands. Winding sweetly on its way 
among the verdant hills, it gradually unfolds its Avealth of beauty, surprising and 
delighting the tourist at every advance by some new and exquisite scene." — B. F. De 
Costa . 

It is studded with hundreds of inlands. At its southeast end French Mountain rises 
abruptly some 2,500 feet, and the western shore is bordered by high bluffs. The prin- 
cipal hotel is named from Fort William Henry, surrendered to the French in 1756. On 
the road to Glens Falls is a monument to Col. Ephraim Williams, after whom Williams 
College is named, Avho was killed by the French on Sept. 8, 1755, and is buried where 
he fell. This entire region is the groundwork of Cooper's " Last of the Mohicans ". 



Lakes 41 

(2) The Hudson System. — Besides the multitude of small lakes near 
its source, the Iludsou has tributaries farther down from several lakes 




at high altitudes, a type of which is Lake Mohonk in the southern 
j^art of Ulster county, shown in this picture. 

This lake, and Lake Minnewaska, just above it, are shown on the map, page 14, up 
in the mountains near the northern branch of Rondout Creek. The square-shaped 
lake on the E. of the Hudson farther down is Lake Mahopac, the pride of the Croton 
water-shed, 1800 feet above the sea, and a popuhir summer resort.*' 




42 GEOGRAniY OF THE Empike State 

(o) The SnsqucJianna System. — The principal lake in this system is 

Otsego (24), 9 by 1| miles, and 
1193 feet above sea level. 



Cooperstown, at its foot, was tlio I'csi- 
dence of the famous novelist, Jfimes Feui- 
move Cooper, whose stories have made this 
region familiar the world over. The 
stage-ride to Richfield Springs is delightful. 
OTSEGO L\KE Views of the lake are shown on page 58. 

The lake close by on the map is Sclunier's, or Canadarago, 5 miles long. 
Little Lake (25) is chiefly interesting as showing the watershed of 
that region. 

There is a lake at Tully, not shown on the ma)), but near the centre of the southern 
boundary of Onondaga County, out of which the water flows to the n. through Onondaga 
Creek and Onondaga Lake to the Gidf of St. Lawrence, and also to the s. thro\igh the 
Tioughnioga into Chesapeake Bay. 

(5) The Ohio System. — Chautanqua Lake (26), 9 miles s. of Lake 
Erie, but 740 feet above it, and 1,400 feet above the sea, is probably 
higher than any other navigable lake e. of the Rocky Mountains. 
It is the only large lake in the State that discharges into the Gulf of 
Mexico. It has become famous the world over as tlie site of a sum- 
mer school and Sunday school assembly, the success of which has led 
to a system of home-study in wide use. 

Canals 
The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive. 
Before the commencement of internal improvements, the most import- 
ant lines were, first, n. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Ed- 
ward, thence a portage to Fort Ann, and thence by Wood Creek tO' 
Lake ChamjDlain ; and, second, w. from Albany, by way of the Mohawk, 
Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon 
the latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk, 
from the jVIohawk to Wood Creek, and at Oswego Falls. 

The two Wood Creeks mentioned are not shown on the map of rivers, page 23. The 
first rises in French Pond, Warren County, and flowing n. E. through Kingsbury and 
Fort Ann, empties into Lake Champlain at Whitehall The stream is naturally narrow 
and sluggish, but deep, having often 15 feet of water, and hence was of great use in 
transportation. The second Wood Creek flows through Rome near the Mohawk, and 
into Oneida Lake through Fish Creek, and thus formed a ready connection l)etween the 
Hudson River and the interior lakes. 

The Erie Canal is 363 miles long, 70 feet broad at the surface, 56 
feet broad at the bottom, and 7 feet deep. The descent from Buffalo 
to Albany is 508 feet, and is accomplished by 72 locks. The canal 
cost more than 50 millions. For its interesting history, see Hen- 
drick's History pp. 139-146. 



Canals 



43 





ERIE CANAL AT LOCKPORT 



The canal leaves lake Erie at Buffalo (1), follows the river bank to Black Eock, and 

communicates with the dam at that place. At Tonawanda (2), 10 miles below Buffalo, it 

enters Tonawanda Creek, follows its channel 12 

P^ -^^ ■ — "1 miles, and crosses thence, through a rock cutting, to 
=?«'=s=*:s2^'— _ I ^j^g brow^ of the mountain edge, at Lockport (3), where 
_ ~ [/-Ji^s&^^M it descends 55.88 feet by 10 combined locks. It con- 
tinues thence, eastward, from 1 to 3 miles s. of the 
idge road, to Rochester (4), crosses the Genesee upon 
a stone aqueduct, makes a circuitous sweep across 
'^ the Irondequoit valley, along the top of a natural 
range of hills, crosses the Clyde River at Lyons (5), 
and finally reaches the level of the Seneca River, 
after supplying 153 miles of the Erie Canal, and 
affording a large amount of water-power. 
It then rises by 2 locks, descends into the Onondaga valley by 1 lock, and then rises 
by 3 locks to the long level which extends from Syracuse (9) to Utica (15), from whence 
it descends the Mohawk valley, mostly on its s. side, to the Hudson. Below Schen- 
ectady (16), it twice crosses the ^Mohawk, upon stone aqueducts. It is continued dowm the 
bank of the Hudson to Albany (18), Avhere it term.inates in a spacious basin. At West 
Troy it also opens into the Hudson. The total lockages going w. are 612.9 feet up, and 
43.5 feet down, or a total of 656.4 feet. The canal is fed by numerous streams along 
its course, and by 9 reservoirs, besides those upon the Black River Canal, itself a feeder. 

The Cayuga and Seneca Canal connects the Erie Canal at Monte- 
zuma (6) with Cayuga Lake at East Cayuga (7), and with Seneca Lake 
at Geneva (8). 

About half of the canal is formed by slackwater navigation upon Seneca River, and 
the remainder is a channel parallel to the river. This canal admits the passage of large 
boats from the Erie Canal to the head of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. 

The Oswego Canal, extending from Syracuse (9) to Oswego (10), is 
38 miles long, and includes 19 miles of slackwater navigation in 
Oswego and Seneca Rivers, witli a toAving path on the e. bank. 



44 



Geogkaphy of the Empire State 



The Black liiver Canal extends fi-om Rome (11) up the valley of 
the Mohawk and of Lansing Kil to Boonville (12), and thence 
descends the valley of Black River to a point below Lyon Falls (13). 
From the latter point is a river navigation 42 J miles to Carthage 
(14), on the line of JelFursou county. 

At Boonville (12) the canal receives a navigable feeder 13 miles long, which derives 
its water from Black Kiver. Length of main canal 36.63 miles, of feeders 13.48 miles, 
and of reservoirs 13.95 miles. The summit level is 693 feet above the canal at Rome, 
to which it descends by 70 locks. Northward the canal descends 386 feet, by 39 locks. 

The Champlain Canal, extending from the Erie Canal, near Cohoes 
(17), to Lake Champlain (22), is G4 miles long and has a navigable 
feeder of 7 miles to Glens Falls (21), with a slackwater navigation 5 
miles further upon the Hudson. 

A natural water communication, interrupted by portages, extended along the route 
of this canal, which was used by the natives with their canoes. The canal communi- 
cates Avith the Hudson above the State dam at AVaterford by a side-cut with 3 locks. 
It has 7 locks between the lake and the summit, with 54 feet total lift, and 14 locks, 
with a total of 134 feet, between the Summit and the Hudson at Waterford. It crosses 
the Mohawk at Cohoes (17) in a pond fomaed by a dam 1,700 feet in length, and follows 
near the w. bank of the Hudson to Schuylerville (19), where it crosses into Washington 
County by another dam 700 feet long, and continues near the E. bank to Fort Edward 
(30). Near here it receives the feeder from the Hudson above Glens Falls (31), where 
there is a dam 770 feet long and 13 feet high. Here it leaves the liver and crosses to 
the valley of AVood Creek, and thence, partly in the bed of that stream, to "Whitehall (33.) 

Waterfalls 
For Niagara (1), Portage {o), and Genesee (4) Falls, see pp. 21-24. 




Waterfalls 45 

At Tonawanda Falls (2), the creek flows down over the limestone terrace which ex- 
tends across the southern part of the town of Alabama at a height of 50 to 75 feet. 

Watkin's Glen (o) is the most extensive of the many remarkable 
series of cascades by which the water has worn its way through solid 
rock in so many parts of the Empire State. 
' This Glen consists of a number of sections rising one above another 




for 800 feet in arcades, galleries, grottoes, and amphitheatres. It 
extends nearly e. and w. for over three miles, and covers 500 acres. 

"It forms the channel for a limpid stream which, bubbling out from mountain 
springs, threads its sinuous way through gorge and dell , now tumbling madly from 
lofty heights into the depths of a foam-crested whirlpool , now breaking in shimmering 
cascades above some pellucid pool shaded by moss-grown rocks ; then, winding like a 
silver thread through the rank leafage of some narrow vale, it flashes in the sunlight 



Waterfalls 



47 



and winds quietly across the level valley, as though, tired from its angry and- tortuous 
passage through the Glen, it was now resting, idly reflecting the sunbeams before taking 
its final submergence in the cool depths of Seneca Lake, half a mile beyond." 

Havana Glen (6) is divided into two general sections, the entrance 
amphitheatre and the gorges. The former contains within its high 
hanks some 30 or 40 acres, and the latter include a wonderful succes- 
sion of gorges, waterfalls, cascades, pools, cliffs, grottoes, etc. 

The "council chamber " is 100 feet long and 8 to 25 feet in breadth. 

Hector Falls, and Lodi Falls, 125 feet high, on the E. shore of the lake, are described 
■with full-page pictures in the fourth volume of Geology, Natural History of the State of 
New York. Rocky Run, shown on the opposite page, is only one of the multitude of 
■cascades in this part of the State, so common that they are unknown except locally. 

Taughannock Falls (7), 190 feet high, is the principal of the cas- 
cades by which the creek of that name descends from the plateau to 
the lake. 

Those falls have receded about one mile from the lake, and have worn a deep gorge 

in the yielding 
shales, with banks 
300 feet high. The 
softness of the rock 
is sho-R n by an ad- 
venture which hap- 
pened twenty years 
ago to the author of 
this volume. He left 
the steamer at the 
foot of the creek in 
the afternoon, and 
followed up the 
stream to the falls. 
These interested 
him so much that he 
did not observe how 
dark it was grow- 
ing, and he failed to 
find the path to the 
hotel on the bank, 
which he had some 
how supposed to be 
located on the south- 
ern side. Underes- 
timating the height, 
and from the debris 
at the bottom over- 
estimating the slant, 
he attempted to 
climb the southern 
bank. It was easy 
at first ; then it be- 
came harder; finally 
crevices f ir the hands and toes had to be plucked out by removing pieces of shale. By 




48 



GKOGRArilV (»F TIIK EmPIKK HtATE 



the time he was Iwo-lhinls up it s:>emcd impossible to complete the ascent, aud as 
descent was out of the question he considered seriously whether to give it up and droj) 
upon the rocks below. But this involved almost certain death, or, perhaps worse, a 
night to lie helpless with broken limbs and crushed body. So on tlie whole he decided 
to struggle to the last, and after some hours he reached the top. Even then he could 
not climb over, for the soil projected, and as he held on by the roots every movement 
he made sent the dirt flying into his eyes and down his back. Finally, seizing the 
strongest root with his left hand and drawing his body up close, he reached around 
over the turf with his right hand, seized what seemed to be and proved to be a strong 
young shrub, kicked out from the bank, and drew himself over upon the solid earth. 
It was two o'clock when he got to the hotel, and the next day he had not nerve enough 
left to mount a rock as high as his shoulder. But he had actually climbed in the dark a 
precipice 250 feet high, much of it by pulling out pieces of rocks with his fingers. 
Ithaca Falls (8), one mile from the city, are 160 feet high and 150 

feet wide. 

Ithaca has been called the ' ' region of 
cascades", as there are 96 falls in the 
near vicinity. 

Upon Fall Creek, within the space of 
1 mile, are 5 falls varying in height from 
44 to 125 feet. The deep gorge through 
which the stream flows is bordered by 
perpendicular cliffs. A tunnel 200 feet 
long, 10 to 13 feet wide, and 13 feet 
high was excavated through the rock for 
hydraulic purposes in 1831-32, by J. S 
Beebe. Upon Cascadilla, Six Mile, and 
Buttermilk Creeks are also successions 
of fine cascades, within the limits of the 
town. At Buttermilk Falls the water 
rushes down at an angle of about 45 
degrees, in a sheet of white foam, the 
appearance of the water furnishing a 
name to both the cascades and the stream. 
In all these falls the soft aud yielding 
shales form a declining surface, while 
the hard and compact limestone remains 
perpendicular. 

The deep ravine of Fall Creek borders 
the groimds of Cornell University, and 
the Cascadilla ravine is at the south-west 
corner of the campus, uniting with the 
view of Cayuga Lake already spoken of 
(page 35) togivethecollege a picturesque- 
ncss of location that is imrivalled. 

At Seneca Falls (9), the Seneca River foils 51 feet, furnishing an 
abundance of water power. 

At Oswego Falls (10), tlie river, which drains more than 7,000 
square miles, furnishes enormous water-power. See page 25. 

At Natural Bridge (not numbered on the map, but upon the Indian River just as it 
passes out of Lewis Coiinty), when the stream is low the water passes through a fissure 
15 feet wide in the limestone under the road, and has formed grottoes that may be 
entered for some distance. 




ITHACA FALLS 



Waterfalls 49 

The Black River Falls (11), at Watertown, are the most abrupt of 




the series of cascades by which the river drops 480 feet in passing- 
through the county. 

The rapid fall of the river through Jefferson County prevents continuation of the 
navigation of the Black River to Carthage already spoken of (page 44). The High 
Falls at Lyon Falls (13 on map, page 43) are 63 feet high, and a glimpse of them may 
be had from the railway train. 

Rensselaer Falls (12) and Brasher Falls (13) have given names to small villages ; the 
latter is now known as Winthrop. 

At the Saranac Falls (14) the river falls some 50 feet in passing through a gorge 
li miles long, with an average w-idth of 50 feet, and a depth of from 20 to 30 feet. 
In its general character this gorge resembles Ausable chasm, described on the next 
page. Another remarkable gorge of this kind at Flat Roc-k, on the Canadian boundary 
16 miles w. from Champlain, is 300 feet deep and 16 rods wide. On the Chateaugay 
River, a mile above the village, there is a ravine 200 feet deep, with a fall of 50 feet. 

Indian Pass, between Mt. IMac Intyre and Wallface Mountain, has the mountain on 
one side at an angle of 4.")\ and on the other for more than a mile a vertical wall 800 to 
1200 feet high. The western branch of the Au Sable River breaks through the moun- 
tains at Willmington Notch, with Mt. Whiteface on one side rising thousands of feet 
almost perpendicularly, while on the other are the abrupt, rugged crags of another 
precipice 



50 



Gkogkai'iiy of the Empire State 



the Potsdam 



At Ausable Chasm (lo), the river breaks through 
saudstone in a gorge 2 miles long and 100 feet deep. 

The liiuducss of llie rocii makes tliis cluism more remarkable than those in the central 

part of the State, 
where the cutting 
has been done 
through soft shale 
and skite. 

From the face 
of the cliff the river 
has worn back a 
ragged and irregu- 
lar channel in tlie 
solid sandstone for 
a distance of 2 
miles and to tlie 
depth of 100 to 130 
feet. The rocks 
that border it are 
perpendicular, and 
in some places 
overhanging, s o 
that the w^ater can 
scarcely be seen 
from the banks 
above. At several 
points this ravine 
is compressed to a 
widtli of less than 
30 feet. The river 
plunges into tlie 
chasm in a perpen- 
dicular descent of 
70 feet, and strug- 
gles through the 
tortuous channel, 
foaming, whirling, 
and eddying over 
its rocky bed. It 
has been aptly 
called "the Yose- 
miteinminature". 
The tops of the 
banks are fringed 
with cedars whose 
somber shadows 
deepen the mys- 
terious grandeur. 

At Ticouderoga (16) the outlet of Lake George descentls loO feet in the course of 11 
miles, and as the water never freezes and is unvarying in quantity, it furnishes excel- 
lent water power. See page 40. 

On Stone Bridge Creek (17) is a natural bridge. 
The stream, after falling into a basin, enters a passage in two branches under a natural arch 40 
feet high and about 80 broad, and emerges in a single stream from under a precipice 54 feet high, 247 
feet from its entrance. This bridge is described in Morse's Geography (1796) as follows ; "In the 




Waterfalls 



51 



county of Montgomery is a small, rapid stream emptying into Schroon Lake, w. of Lake George ; it 
runs under a hill, the base of which is 60 or 70 yards in diameter, forming a most curious and beautiful 
arch in the rock, as white as snow. The fury of the water and the roughness of the bottom, added to 
the terrific noise within, have hitherto prevented any person from passing through the chasm."— .4?«. 
Univ. Geoff.,SOS. 

It is thus described in Watson's " Military and Civil History of the County of Essex 
County" (8:512, 1869): 

Two very remarkable subterranean passages in the town of Schroon near Paradox lake are worthy 
of examination. The first of these forms the channel of a small ri-\-ulet, by a natural perforation 
of some hundred feet through the massive rock, 10 or 15 feet below the surface, over which passes the 
public road, as if by. an artificial bridge. The other, which I find referred to in early works on the 
topogi-aphy of this region, is a highly curious and interesting exhibition. The explorer enters a lofty 
arch, several feet below the surface, carved out of the solid rock. It presents, at some points, the 
appearance of nearly an exact gothic structure, and at others, broken and ragged sides and canopy. 
This dark and gloomy cavern extends a number of rods, and is from 4 to 13 feet in width, and 10 to 15 
in height. It constitutes the sluice way of a large stream, which propels a mill just above the entrance, 
and foams and dashes through the rocky and precipitous descent. 

Though the Hudsoii rises in the most mountainous part of the State 
and descends in 150 miles nearly 4,000 feet, its highest falls are at 
Luzerne, just below the mouth of the Sacondaga, Avhere the river leaps 
€0 feet, over a ledge of gneiss. 

At Glens Falls (18) the fall is 50 feet. For Colioes (19) see page 27. 




Below Glens Falls (shown in the cut above) is a small island, through which is a cave 
extending from one channel to the other, " "When the stream is full the sight is magnifi- 
cent and one that Avell repays the trouble of a journey. The bed and walls of the river 
jire composed of blue, fossiliferous limestone, and the scenery is bold and striking. The 
admirers of Cooper must not fail to explore the falls and visit the cave under the rocks 
below, where the novelist lays the most thrilling scenes depicted in The Last of the 
Mohicans. It was in this cave that Hayward and Cora found refuge ; where David 
stnick his pitch-pipe, and sang the ' Isle of "White ' to the chiming of the music of the 
falls."— i?. F. De Costa. 



Waterfalls 53 

At Little Falls (20), already referred to on jjages 15, 19, 27, and 
shown in the picture on the opposite page, the hills on eacli side of the 
river are masses of naked rock, rising nearly' perpendicular to a 
height of 500 to 600 feet. 

Trenton Falls (21), sometimes known as the Kau3^-a-hoora, are made 
up principally of 6 cascades, with an aggregate fall of 312 feet. The 




ravine is 2 miles long, and the banks are in places 150 feet high. 

N. P. Willis thus described the falls in his story "Edith Linsey " : 
Most people talk of the suUimity of Trenton, but I have haunted It by the week together for its 
mere loveliness. The river, in the heart of that fearful chasm, is tlie most varied and beautiful assem- 
blage of the thousand forms and shapes of running water that I know in the world. The soil anil the 



54 Geography of the Empire State 

deep-striking roots of the forest terminate far above you, looliing like a black rim on the enclosing 
precipice ; the bed of the river and its sky-sustaining walls are of solid roek, and, with the tremendous 
descent of the stream- forming for miles one continuous succession of falls and rapids-tiie channel 
is worn into curves and cavities which throw the clear waters into forms of inconceivable brilliancy 
and variety. It is a sort of half twilight below, with here and there a long beam of sunsliine reaching 
down to kiss the lip of an eddy, or form a rainbow over a fall, and the reverberating and changing 
echoes, 

'• Like a ring of bells whose sound the wind i^t'M alters," 

maintain a constant and most soothing music varying at every step with the varying phase of the 
curtain. Cascades of from 20 to 33 feet, over which the river flies with a single and hurrying leap (not 
a drop missing from the glassy and bending shest), occur frequently as you ascend ; and it is from 
tliese that the place takes its name. But the falls, though beautiful, are only peculiar from the 
dazzling and unequalled rapidity with which the waters come to the leap. If it were not for the leaf 
which drops wavering down into the abysm from trees apparently painted on the sky, and which is 
caught away by the flashing current as if the lightnin-? had .suddenly crossed it, yt>u would think the 
vault of the steadfast heavens a flying element as soon. 

Howe's Cave (22), sometimes called the Otsgaragee Cavern, is a 
remarkable series of subterranean chambers. 

The entrance is from the Pavilion Hotel. An irregular, circular opening in the lime- 
stone, through -which we pass by a level path, brings us at once into an atmosphere of 
about 55 degrees. We soon come to the "Reception Room", some 40 feet wide and 15 
feet high, ornamented with stalagmites. Near by, up an ascending path, is another large 
room called the "Bridal Chamber", from the wall of which extend huge stalagmites, 
known as " AVa.shington's Epaulet" and "Lady Washington's Hood", bearing a most 
striking resemblance to the objects they are named after. The room is ornamented by 
a circular dome, so high that the light of the lamp doos not render its top visible. Next 
comes a gallery 75 feet high, in the "Giant's Chapel", above the main path which 
traverses all the while a spacious hall from 15 to 20 feet high ; and the " Straight and 
Narrow Way", some 3 or 4 feet wide at the bottom, while at the height of a man's 
head there is just room for the head to pass through. The "Pool of Siloam" comes 
down a gentle incline and forms a whirlpool, disappearing in some cavity below. 
Through the entire length stalagmites of the most fantastic shapes ornament the walls, 
while overhead stalactites hang from the roof like icicles. 

The "Elephant's Head "and "Indian Dugout" are passed, and then comes the 
"Haimted Castle", a large circular chamber, having a niche at one side just wide 
enough to admit a man's body. 

Near by is the " Music Room", where mu.sical tones appear to be never done echo- 
ing, but go dancing gaily about, returning again and again, tilling the air with harmony. 

We are now something over a mile from daylight, and enter a boat. Pushing out on 
a miniattire subterranean lake, J mile long, Ave sail under a limestone arch, the sides of 
which are ornamented with fantastic shapes in hos relief, resembling divers objects. 

Beyond the lake is the " Yo Semite Valley", a deep canon along the edge of which 
we creep 50 feet above the stream. Soon afterward the course, which seem to have 
been nearly straight thus far, is suddenly blocked by a solid wall. From this point a 
passage as yet unexplored leads to the left, forming nearly a right angle Avith that 
which we have been following up. We take the passage to the right, through the 
"Winding Way", 80 rods long, and only wide enough to pass through, forming a long 
series of ' ' S's ", so that one can hardly see a person in any portion of it three feet ahead. 
The Avails, as throughout the entire course, are smooth as glass, though rigid and cor- 
niced Avith wonderful regularity. At the end of this crooked ptfssage are the "Devil's 
Gateway" and the " Silent Chamber". 

"Fat Man's Misery " is a narrow passage in which poor old Jack Flagstaff would 
surely have struck fast, and a passage through which Ave are oliligcd to craAvl leads to 
the " Rotunda", the greatest Avonder of all, a circular room 25 feet in diameter, and 300 
feet hifi-h. 



Waterfalls 



55 



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This fitly ends our mysterious journey. 




A brisk walk of an hour brings us back to 
daylight once more. 

This view of the interior of 
the cave is reproduced by per- 
mission from one of a beautiful 
scries of photographs published 
by S. R. Stoddard, Glens Falls. 

At Poestenkill (poos-ten -kill) 
Falls (23) the river falls some 80 
feet. One mile w. is a spring 
of some local celebrity for the 
cure of cutaneous diseases 

At Kaaterskill Falls 
(24), the waters from the 
two lakes and from Spruce 
Creek combine a short 
distance from the amphi- 
theatre of rock, and 
plunge over the projecting 
70 feet of massive roof- 
ing to the natural cavern 
beneath, a clear fall of 180 
feet. The stream then 



f)6 



Geography of the Empire State 



passes a few yards over smootli rock, aud takes another plunge of 80 
feet. 

High Falls (25), on the Rondout ; and Wappinger's Falls (36) of 75 feet at the head 
of navigation in the creek of the same name, give names to villages. 

]\IiNERAL Springs 
The Empire State is remarkable for the number and the variety of 
its mineral springs. Dr. Beck's report on the mineralogical And 
chemical department of the Geological Survey gave in 1838 a tabu- 
lated list of 148, in 40 of the 57 counties into wliich the State was 
tlien divided ; and these did not included many of those now best 
known, like tlie Deep Rock of Oswego, and the Ilathorn of Saratoga. 

His table classed them thus : 

acidulous chalybeate 2 

acidulous saline chalybeate ... 17 

brine 24 

carburetted hydrogen 1 

chalybeate 6 

inflammable gas _ . 13 

No doubt fully twice as many in the State are now locally r 
medicinal value, aud many more have interest for the naturalist, 
years that the author of this volume travelled about the State he learned to ask, if he 
had an hour to spare, not whether there was something of the sort near by, but what 
and where it was. In this place, however, It is possible to mention only some of those 
most widely celebrated. 



nitrogen 2 

petrifying 14 

saline 3 

sour. 1 

sulphureous 64 

thermal 1 

•ognized as havini 
During the tlirei 




The salt springs at Warsaw (2) have become a formidable rival in 
the manufacture of salt to those at Syracuse (6). 

The^niles of wooden salt-vats at the head of Onondaga Lake attract the eye of the 
visitor approaching Syracuse from the west. Here the brine pumped from wells and dis- 



Mineral Springs 57 

tributed by pipes is evaporated by exposure to the sun, the huge covers on wheels being 
pushed off whenever the sun shines. There are acres too of salt sheds with tall chimneys, 
in which the brine is evaporated in iron kettles heated by coal. This latter process pro- 
duces fine salt, while the solar evaporation produces rock salt, in larger crystals. Salt 
manufacture was once the greatest industry of Syracuse, but has now become unprofit- 
able, owing to the working of wells in Michigan where the brine is twice as strong, and 
where the kettles can be heated by sawdust from the enormous lumber-mills. 

The salt springs at Salt Springville (17), near Cherry Valley, are interesting as 
showing the eastern limit of these springs, which occur frequently in the region from 
these w. to Genesee County, and from Broome County N. to Lake Ontario, a region 170 
miles by 80. Many of these were formerly worked to a profit, especially those at 
Montezuma. 

An interesting account of them is given in Dr. Becli'o Report on the mineralogical and chemical 
■department of the Geological Survey, 1838, above referred to. 

The sulphur springs at Avon (3) are visited by many invahds. 
CHfton Springs (4) contains a celebrated sanitarium. The water 
incrusts with sulphur the stones that it flows over. At the Massena 
Springs (9), saline and sulphuric, a hotel was built for invalids as 
early as 1848. 

In the town of Alabama (1) there are 9 springs within a circle of 50 rods, no two of 
them alike. The Slaterville spring (5) is magnetic. The Chittenango springs (7) are of 
a saline sulphuric character. In the vicinity are "petrifying" springs, which convert 
vegetable matter into carbonate of lime, leaving the structure of the plant entire. The 
Deep Rock spring at Oswego (8) is underneath the Doolittle Hotel. The water is 
highly esteemed, and is sent in bottled form all over the country. 

At Chateaugay, Franklin County, nitrogen springs send out from white sand a fiow of water 
sufficient to turn a mill wheel. 

Saratoga Springs (10) is one of the great summer resorts of the 
world, and contains more capacious and finer hotels of this kind than 
any of its rivals. There are a score of the springs, greatly differing 
in character, and some of them are famous the world over. 

Its natural attractions and its hotel accommodations have made it 

a favorite meeting-place for political 
and educational conventions. To ac- 
commodate these gatherings a large 
auditorium has been erected, seating 
5,000 persons. 

The springs at Ballston Spa (11) used to be 
greatly frequented, but are now neglected in 
l;i\or of their more fashionable rivals 6 miles 
N. Lebanon Springs (12) contains a warm 
AUDITORIUM, SARATOGA nitrogen spring, with several hotels, one accom- 

modating 400 guests. There is a Shaker village near by. The Columbia White Sulphur 
Springs (13) are 5 miles from Hudson. The Chappaqua (14) sulphur springs have some 
local celebrity, and there are several springs of different properties near Guymard (15), 
from which is taken the view of the Neversink river shoAvn on page 31. 

The Sharon Springs (16) contain sulphur, magnesia, etc., and are held in high repute. 
The Richfield Springs (19) have a wide reputation for the cure of 
rheumatism and skin diseases, and the hotels and beautiful drives 
give the village general recognition as a fashionable summer resort. 



w 





I^L. 



59 



The views of Richfield Springs on the opposite page include glimpses 
of C'andarago and Otsego lakes. 

In this connection should be mentioned the oil-wells of New York, 
as the petroleum region of Pennsylvania reaches over into Cattaraugus 
and Allegany Counties. Springs of natural gas or carburetted hydro- 
gen have been found in Albany, Ontario, and other Counties, and at 
Gasport in Niagara County ; while the village of Fredonia in Chau- 
tauqua County has been lighted by it since 1821. 

Islands 

Long Island (1) is 120 miles long and its greatest width is 24 miles. 




It is one of a chain of Islands belonging to New York, reaching at 
Fisher's Island (1) nearly to the Connecticut shore. 

It is separated from Connecticut and Ehode Island by Long Island Sound, "the 
American Mediterranean," which is in places 20 miles Avide, but is shallow, varying in 
depth from 75 to 200 feet. 

Geologically the island is interesting, consisting mostly of an immense moraiual 
deposit of glacial drifts, containing a remarkable number of large boulders. 

A range of hills from 150 to 384 feet above sea level extends some 60 miles along its 
northern side. 

One of its little lakes situated almost in the centre of the island, Eonkonkoma, has 
periodical increase and decrease of waters every four years. 

The northern coast is broken by important bays, such as Glen Cove, Oyster Bay, 
Huntington Bay, Smithtown Bay ; while along the southern coast stretches a remark- 
able series of lagoons, formed by a line of dunes at the most a mile wide, such as Fire 
Island (5), Oak Island Beach, Jones Beach, Long Beach, to the w. of Fire Island in the 
order named. 

The bay x. of Fire Island (5) is known as the Great South Bay, 40 miles long, which 
furnishes the "Blue Point" oysters, and employs 1500 fishermen. 



60 



Geography of the E^rPIRE State 



Pecoiiic Bay which divides the eastern end, is 30 miles long. It is often divided 
into Greater and Smaller Peeonic and Gardiner's Bays, and Gardiner's Island (2) lies 
between Moutauk Point and Plumb Island, just above it. 

Shelter Island (3), including 8000 acres, forms a township by itself. 

The entire eastern end of the island, including nearly all of Kings county, is now 
included in the city of Brooklyn. Coney 1*1 ^ind 
separated from the shore only by a narrow stre \m, is 
the southwestern point of the county, as shown on the 
map. It has become a famous suumier resort. 

Other of the principal towns are Long Island Citj 
Garden City, Flatbush, Flushing, Hempstead, Jam icj 
Oyster Bay, North Hempstead, Huntington, Biook 
haven, Riverhead, Southampton, and 






%\ 



r--r- 




>v 



Southold. 

Long Island City is the tenninus of 
the Long Island railroads, and will soon be 
connected with New York by a huge bridge, 
as described on page 61. 

Garden City was founded by the late A. 
T. Stewart, who paid some $400, 000 for the s^g^t-^. - 
site, and erected buildings costing several '" -A ^ 
times as miich. 

Flushing is on Flushing Creek, an outlet of Fuish 
ing Bay. It is largely a subiu-ban residence town but 
has manufactures of silk, india-rubber, tin, etc. 

Jamaica has been designated as the site of a noimal 
school. Riverhead has mills and manufactm s of 
various kinds. Sag Harbor is the eastern termiTuis of 
the Long Island R.R., and has a line of steamcisto 
New York. "' "',. 

Staten Island (6) is 1-4 miles by S, and fornix a count} 1)\ it^iK 
including 3 or 4 small islands close by. It is separated from New- 
Jersey by the Arthur Kil or Staten Island Sound, and by the Kil van 
Kull. The bay between Staten Island and Long Island is known as 
The Narrows. 







^■=^^'^ ?>'.. 




City, but the oyster trade employs a 

Lood many people, and there 

ai'e some manufactories. On 

'^taten Island is the quaran- 

tme headquarters, where all 

foreign vessels are stopped for 

11 spection; and further up the 

li u'bor is Bedloe's Island, 

■with the Statue of Liberty, 

" <^hown in the cut on page 92. 

LLLls ls;LVND Further along, toward the 

New Jersey shore, is Ellis Island, where foreign immigrants are received and examined. 

__^_ ^_ Nearer New York is Governor's Island, a station 

for United State troops. The picture of the fort 

here given is of Castle AYilliam in the north-west 

corner of this island, which also appears in the 

;: ^^Z^: ^rum-- ' ' '"^^^^'^lZ^Sv ^^^IS^^ ^*'^* lower coi-ncr of the pictiu-e of JMauhattan Island 

~ — ^- on the next page. 



It is mainly a residence district of New York 




Islands 61 

Manhattan Island (7), 13 miles long, is a part of New York City. 



! 



^^T1SZ?,^>» 









riiiil 




It has the Hudson River on the w , the Hailem on the x , and the 
East River on the s. and e. 

Besides the BrooUyn Bridge, shown in the cut and already described (page 29), it 
will soon have another communication with Long Island by a bridge now building, 
connecting the Third Avenue Elevated Railway with the Long Island Railroad, by way 



G2 



Geogkapiiy ()f the Empire State 



of Blackwell's Island, shown in the cut. This bridge is 135 feet above the water and 
has three spans : 846 feet from New York to the Island, 615 feet across the Island, and 
846 feet from the Island to Long Island City. It is to cost 8 millions, beside the cost of 
the terminal stations. It has 4 railway tracks, with carriage waj's on each side. 

Xew York City includes AVard's Island, Blackwell's Island, and Eandall's Island la 




--', ««#- 

^_^^ "^r 



the 1 ist Rn ci ill ot a\ hich aie used foi chant ible and coirectional in.stitutions. 

Grand Island (8), North Hero Island (9), and Isle La Motte (10) 
IjLjlong to Vermont, but Lake Champlain contains within New York 




territory a multitude of small islnuds like that shown in this lucture, 
which are used for summer residences. 



Islands 



Of the group of ISOO islands known as The Thousand Islands a 

good many l)e- 
long to N L' \v 
Yoi'k, among 
which the best 
known are 
\Vells,or Welles- 
ly Island (10), 
on which are 
Thousand Is- 
land and West- 
minster Parks ; 
and Grindstone 
Island (15). 

Wolfe Island (12). 
and Prince Edward 
St of Wolfe Island, 




the sonthe; 



Island 1 1!) Ik 'on^ to C uiadd Cjilctou I^lainl 
belongs to Isew YorK. Durham s "(Jarietoa Isiantl in the Revolution" tells much of 
interest in its history. Of the islands at the foot of Lake Ontario, Duck Island belongs 
to Canada, and Grenadier, Galloo, and Stony Islands to New York, the boundary line 
being equi-distant from the two shores. 

The Thousand Islands have figured much in song and story, as Hough in his 
" Thousand Islands" has shown. Cooper's " The Pathfinder" gives vivid descriptions 
of this region. Charles Dickens in his " American Notes " says : 

We left Kingston for Montreal on the 10th of May, at half -past nine in the morning, and proceeded 
in a steamboat down the St. Lawrence River. The beauty of this noble stream at almost any point, 
but especially in the commencement of this journey, where it winds its way among the Thousand 
Islands, can hardly be imagined. The number and constant succession of these Islands, all green and 
richly wooded ; their fluctuating sizes, so large, that for half an hour together, one among them 
will appear as the opposite bank of the river, and some so small that they are mere dimples on its 
bosom,— their infinite variety of shapes,— and the numberless combinations of beautiful forms which 
the trees growing on them present ;— all form a picture fraught with uncommon interest and pleasure. 

Lossing's ' Fi£ld Book of the Revolution " says : 

We passed the morning in alternately viewing the ever-changing scene as our vessel sped towards 
Ontario, and in perusing Burke's " Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful ". I never read that charming 
production with so much pleasure as then, for illustrative examples were on every side. And when, 
towards noon, our course was among the Thousand Islands, the propriety of the stars as an example, 
by their number and confusion, of the cause of the idea of sublimity, was forcibly illustrated. "The 
apparent disorder," he says, augments the grandeur, for the appearance of care is highly contrary to 
our idea of magnificence." So with these islands. They fill the St. Lawrence through nearly 60 miles 
of its course, commencing 15 miles below Kingston, and varying in size from a few yards to 18 miles in 
length. Some are mere syenitic rocks, bearing sufiicient alluvium to produce cedar, spruce, and pine 
shrubs, which seldom grow to the dignity of a tree ; while others were beautifully fringed with luxu- 
riant grass and shaded by lofty trees. A few of the larger are inhabited and cultivated. They are 
1,237 in number. Viewed separately, they present nothing remarkable ; but scattered, as they are, so 
profusely and in such disorder over the bosom of the river, their features constantly changing as we 
made our rapid way among them, an idea of magnificence and sublimity involuntai'ily possessed the 
mind, and wooed our attention from the tuition of books to that of nature. 

Grand island (14) forms, with Buckhorn and Beaver Islands, close 
by, a township of Erie county. It contains 18,500 acres. 

Navy Island, is shown in the map, below Grand Island. Just above Niagara Falls is Goat Island, 
half a mile long, well shown in the picture on page 23. * 



64 



Geography of the E^fpike State 



IV. GEOLOGY 

While this topic can be only touched upon in a book like this, it 
has an important connection with the geography of New York from 
the ftict that this State has given to modern geology much of its nom- 
enclature, because a long line of geological strata are better shown 
here than elsewhere. 

The following rough outlines show the greater geological divisions 
of the State as laid down by Dr. Hall in his geological map of 1842. 




A new map is now under way. 
Told " the geological strata are 



In Dana's " Geological Story Briefly 
named as follows : 



B. Quaternary 



! A. Tertiary 



Mezozoic •< (Reptiles) 



C. Carboniferous 
(Coal-plants) 



B. Devonian 
(Fishes) 



d. 

c. 

b. 

[a. 

^ d. 



Upper 
A. Silurian 

(Invertebrates) 



Lower -( b. 
( a. 



American. Brillsh. 

Recent. Tlie s; 
Cliainiilain'. 

Glacial. " 

Pliocene. " 

;Miocene. " 

Eocene. " 

Cretaeioiis. " 

Jurassic. '" 

Triassio. " 

Permian " 

Carl)onifei-ous " 
Subcarbouit'ous, 
Catskill*. 

Portage* and Chemun 
Hamilton* 
I Ppper HeUlerbers". 
"j c;orniferous. L 

ES^ielderljer-.' Ludlow group 

iSa.J^Venlock group. 

Trenton*. Llandeilo. 
Canadian. Tremadoc. 
Primordial. Cambrian. 



Jlountain limestone. 

r 



old red sandstone. 



Geology 



65 



The names starred are all New York names, taken from places 
where these rocks are best shown. 

Dr. Hall's own classification of the rocks is as follows, and the num- 
bers in heavy t373e are those given on the map. 

^8) VIII. Quaternary. 

VII. Tertiary. 
(7) VI. Kevvred sandstone. 

V. Carboniferous system. 
(6) IV. Old red sandstone. 

r 28. Chemunff group. ] 

fc. Cashaqua shale. 
; b. Gardeau flagstones, 
I j a. Portage sandstone. ' 

I 27. I Portage or Nunda group 
I 26. Genesee slate. 
I 25. Tully limestone. 
I f c. Ludlowville shales. 
I b. Encrinal shales. 
] rt. Moscow shales. 
I 21. t Ilaniiltun group. 
I 23. Marcellus slate, 
f 22. Corniferons limestone. 
21, Onondaga limestone. 
20. Schoharie grit. 
]'.). Cauda-galli grit. 
18. Oriskany sandstone. 
1". I'pper Pentamerus limestone. 
16. Encrinal limestone. 
1.5. Deltliyris shaly limestone. 
14. Pentamerus limestone. 
13. \\'aterlime group. 
I, 12. Onondaga salt group. 
C 11. Niagara group. 
■< 10. Clinton group. 
( 9. Medina sandstone. 



(5) D. Erie Division. 



1- Devonian system. 



(4) C. Ilelderberg 



(3) B. Ontario division. 



(2) A. 



(I) 



Champlain 
ion. 



8. Oneida conglomerate. 
7. Grey sandstone. 
6. Hudson river group. 
5. Utica slate. 
4. Trenton limestone. 

i b. Birdseye. 

■< (I. Chazy. 
3. ( Black river limestone. 
2. Calciferous sandrock. 
1. Potsdam sandstone. 



Silurian system. 



Cambrian system. 



Prmiary or Hypogene. J 

The following view of the strata as they lie across the State is taken 
from his Geology of the Fourth District. 




A. Primary. 

B. Potsdam sandstone. 

C. Calciferous sandrock. 

D. Black-river limestone. 

E. Trenton limestone. 

F. Utica slate. 

G. Hudson-river group. 

II. Grey sandstone and Oneida conglomerate. 
I. Medina sandstone. 
K. Clinton group. 



L. I. Niagara group. 

M. Onondaga-salt group. 

N. Helderberg series. 

O. Hamilton gi'onp, including Marcellus and 

Moscow shale. 
e. Tully limestone. 
P. Portage group and Genesee slate. 
K. Chemung gi'oup. 
S. Old Red system. 
T. Conglomerate of the Carboniferous systcTu. 



a. Lake Ontario. 

The distance upon the n. side of the lake has been much shortened in proportion, in order to give 
more room for the rocks upon the s. side. 

From the absence of all extensive disturbances of the strata, we are enabled to trace an uninter- 
nipted series from the Potsdam sandstone to the Old Eed. No where is there known to exist so com- 



66 



Geography of the Empire 8t 



\'r]-: 



plete a series of the older fossiliferous rocks as those embraced within the limits of our State, and 
terminating at a point of great and important change in the condition of the surface, and included 
between this and the roclis of metamorphic origin, we have here offered one of the most decided and 
best characterized systems known in the whole world.— Hall, Geology of Fourth District, p. 20. 

The geological formation of the State makes its quarries valuable. By the census 
of 1890 it stands 3d of the States in the value of its entire stone product (§4,418,143), 
ranking 1st of the States in the value of its bluestone ($1,303,821), millstones, and 
graphite ; 2(1 in gypsum ; 3d in marble ; 4th in slate ; 5th in limestone and sancjstoue ; 
18th in granite. 



Koofing-slate is quarried in Washington, Kensselaer, and Columbia counties ; sandstone at Potsdam 
and at Medina ; flagstones in the region of Kingston ; white marble in Westchester county, black 
marble at Glens Falls, red marble at Warwick, and verd-antique at Moriah ; talc in St. Lawrence 
county ; gypsum near Syracuse ; hydraulic cement at Rondout, Manilas, and Akron. 

It has no coal, but is ranked 2d in the value of its iron product ($3,100,216). The 
petroleum wells of the Allegany and Cataraugus district, of 31 square miles (see page 
56), are included by the census in the Bradford district, the product of which for 1889 
was 7,158,363 bbls. Of natural gas the Allegany county wells in 1889 produced 1330 
million feet, and the value of that consumed in New York was $204,325. 

In the value of mineral waters produced in 1889 New York stands 3d ($239,975), 
Wisconsin standing 1st, California 2d, and Virginia 4th. The salt product has been 
spoken of (page 56). 



V. CLIMATE AND PR(3DUCTI0NS 

Climate 
The climate of New York is remarkably varied. While Long Island 
and its vicinity has, owing to the influence of the ocean, a compara- 
tively even temperature, seldom reaching zero or rising above 95°, 
in the State at large the usual range is from -20" to 100°, giving a 
variety that is stimulating and not disagreeable to people of a sound 
constitution. 

Frosts begin from September 1st to October 1st, and end from April 1st to May 1st, 
according to the locaHty and year. In the Adirondack region the snow-fall is heavy, 
the winter long and severe. In central New York it is not imcommon for snow to 
accumulate to the depth of 3 or 4 feet, and yet this is not per.sistent. About New York 
city and on Long Island the snow rarely exceeds a foot in depth, sleighing is always 
uncertain, and sometimes the ground will be bare for weeks together. Thus it will be 
seen that the climate of New York is intermediate in character between that of New 
England and that of the Mississippi valley States, — a little milder than the former, se- 
verer than the latter. The great lakes which border it are never frozen to their centres, 
and e.xert an equalizing influence upon the climate of their shores. 

The local variation of climate within the limits of the State will be best seen by the 
following table : — 











Mean 


Mean 




Lat. 


Long. 


Elevation. 


Annual 
Temp. 


Annual 
Rainfall. 


Moriches, Long Is- 


c , 




Feet. 


o 


Inches. 


land 


40 49 


72 36 


Sea-level. 


54.2 


54.67 


New York City-... 


40 42 


74 


100 


51.2 


44.59 


Albany.. 


42 40 


74 45 


150 


46.9 


40.67 


Rochester.. 


43 8 


77 51 


525 


46.9 


32.56 


Buffalo 


42 53 


78 55 


660 


46.8 


83.84 


Gouverneur. 


44 25 


75 35 


400 


44.1 


30.15 


Plattsburgh 


44 41 


73 25 


186 


44 


33.4 



Climate and Productions 67 

Plants and Trees 
Originally the surface of New York was occupied by an almost 
unbroken forest, and, as a consequence of the general fertility of the 
soil, its topographical diversity, ^nd the range of latitude and longi- 
tude, the flora is rich and varied. About 70 species of trees are known 
to inhabit the State, and these include all found in the adjacent por- 
tions of the Union and Canada. 

The most abundant are oaks, of which there are 15 species ; but with these mingle 
5 species each of maple, pine, and poplar, 4 species of hickory, 3 each of elm, spruce, 
and ash, 2 of willow, cherry, magnolia, and pepperidge, and 1 each of larch, lirioden- 
dron, dogwood, arbor vitte, balsam, yew, sycamore, honey locust, sweet gum, locust, 
butternut, black walnut, chestnut, beech, hornbeam, basswood, sassafras, and mulberry. 

On the summits of the Adirondacks a true alpine vegetation is found, though con- 
sisting of but a small number of plants ; several of these exist in no other locality in the 
United States except the mountain summits of Vermont and New Hampshire. The 
flowering plants and ferns of New York were studied with much care by the late Dr. 
Torrey, and his report upon them forms two quarto volumes of the Report on the Natural 
History of Kew York. The flowering plants enumerated by Dr. Torrey amount to 1540 
species, to which a few additions have since been made. The ferns number 54 species 
— more than are found in any other State ; the lower forms of plant life, seaweeds, 
fungi, lichens, etc., are constantly supplying new material, and many years will yet be 
required for their complete elaboration. 

Animals 

At the advent of the whites the fauna of New York included all tlie 
wild animals which were found in the north-eastern States of the Union 
or the adjacent portions of Canada, but by the cutting off of forests, 
and the occupation of the surface by farms, the range of the native 
animals has been greatly reduced, and they have been unceasingly 
destroyed by man. 

Formerly the elk, the moose, and the caribou were abundant in the N. part of the 
State, but are now all exterminated, while the Virginia deer in many localities is still 
quite plentiful. Of the carnivorous animals, the couguar, the black bear, two species 
of lynx, the red and grey foxes, the wolf, otter, fisher, pine marten, mink, and skunk 
still remain, but the wolf is on the eve of extermination, and the wolverine, never 
abundant, has perhaps migrated northward. Among the rodents the beaver and variable 
hare are found, but in small numbers, while rabbits, squirrels, rats, mice, field-mice, etc. , 
are still iinpleasantly numerous. 

Civilization has made but little difference with the reptiles, birds 
and fishes. All the birds indigenous to the e. portion of the continent 
may probably at times be found within the State, though their relative 
numbers are affected by the removal of the forests. 

Among the reptles are 17 species of snakes, 3 of which, two rattlesnakes and the cop- 
perhead, are venomous. The fishes include all the species found in the lower lakes, in 
the rivers of the temperate portions of the continent, and on the Atlantic coast ; and the 
fisheries constitute an important clement in the revenues and subsistence of the people. 
The streams and lakes of the more elevated portions contain brook trout in abundance ; 
those of the lower levels are well stocked with bass, pickerel, i)erch, and other fish. 



68 



Geography of the E^rpIRE State 



VI. POLITICAL DIVISIONS 

Counties 



New York is divided into 00 counties as shown on the map upon 
tlie following page. Their origi 
in the following table : 



ind other interesting facts are given 



1, 


•sj 








Popula- 


c 
o 

d 


Name. 




Formed from what. 


Origin of name. 


County Seat 


tion, 
1890. 


84 


Albany. 


lfiS3 


Original. 


Duke of York. 


Albany, 


1G4.555 


2J 


Allegany, 


ISOO 


Genesee. 


Allegany river. 


Belmont. 


43.240 


IG 


Broome. 


180C 


Tioga. 


John Broome. 


Binghamton. 


62,973 


21 


Cattaraugus. 


1808 


Genesee. 


Indian name. 


Little ^'alley. 


60,806 


45 


Cayuga. 


1799 


Onondaga. 


Indian tribe. 


Auburn. 


65,302 


2J 


Chautauqua. 


1808 


Genesee. 


Indian name. 


Mayville. 


75,202 


18 


Chemung. 


1S3C 


Tioga. 


Chemung river. 


Elmira. 


48,265 


31 


Chenango. 


1796 


Herkimer nnd Tioga. 


Chenango river. 


Norwich, 


37,776 


OS 


Clinton. 


1788 


Wasliingtou. 


George Clinton. 


Plattsburgh. 


46,437 


13 


Columbia. 


1786 


Albany. 


Columbus. 


Hudson. 


46,172 


^5J 


Cortland. 


1808 


Onondaga. 


Pierre V an Cortlandt 


Cortland. 


28,657 


Id 


Delaware. 


1797 


Ulster and Otsego. 


Delaware river. 


Delhi. 


45,496 


IQl Dutchess. 


1083 


OriginaL 


Duchess of York. 


Poughkeepsle. 


77,879 


23! Erie. 


1821 


Niagara. 


Lake Erie. 


Buffalo. 


322,981 


5r! Essex. 


1799 


Clinton. 


County of England. 


Elizabcthtown. 


33,0.52 


59lFi-aiiklin. 


1808 


Clinton. 


Benjamin Franklin. 


Malone. 


88,110 


30 


Fulton. 


1838 


Montgomery. 


Robert Fulton. 


Johnstown. 


37,C50 


47 


Genesee. 


1802 


Ontario. 


Genesee river. 


Batavia. 


83,265 


14 


Greene. 


1800 


Albany and Ulster. 


Nathaniel Greene. 


Catskill. 


31,598 


!>o 


Hamilton. 


181G 


Montgomery. 


Alexander Hamilton 


Sageville. 


4,702 


41 


Ilerliimer. 


1791 


Montgomery. 


Nicholas Herkimer. 


Herkimer. 


45,608 


53 


Jefferson. 


1805 


Oneida. 


Thomas Jefferson. 


Watertown. 


68,806 


3 


Kings. 


1G83 


OriginaL 


King Charles H. 


Brooklyn. 


838,547 


54 


Lewis. 


1805 


Oneida. 


Morgan Lewis. 


Lowyille. 


29,806 


2J 


Livingston 


1821 


Genesee and Ontario. 


Robert R. Livingston 


CJeneseo. 


37,801 


43 


Madison. 


1806 


Chenango. 


James :Madist)n. 


Morrisville. 


42,892 


5a 


Monroe. 


1821 


Ontario and Genesee. 


James Jlonroe. 


Rochester. 


189,586 


40 


Montgomery* 


1772 


Albany. 


Richard Montgomery 


Fonda, 


45,099 


5 


New York. 


1683 


Original. 


City and county iden 


tical. 


1,515,301 


48 


Niagara. 


1808 


Genesee. 


Niagara river. 


Lockport. 


62,491 


43 


Oneida. 


1798 


Herkimer. 


Indian tribe. 


Utica. 


122,922 


44 


Onondaga. 


1794 


Herkimer. 


Indian tribe. 


Syracuse. 


146,247 


4G Ontario. 


1789 


Montgomery. 


Lake Ontario. 


Canandaigua. 


48,4.53 


8 Orange. 


1683 


Original. 


Son of Duke of York 


Goshen, Kewburgh. 


97,859 


49 


urieans. 


1824 


Genesee. 




Albion. 


80,803 


5:3 


Oswego. 


1810 


Oneida and Onondaga. 


City of Oswego. 


Pulaski, Oswego. 


71,883 


32 


Otsego. 


1791 


Montgomery. 


Indian name. 


Cooperstown. 


50,861 


9 


Putnam. 


1812 


Dutchess. 


Israel Putnam. 


Carmel. 


14,849 


2 Uiieens. 


1683 


OriginaL 


Wife of Charles IL 


Jamaica. 


128,059 


3G:liensselaer. 


1791 


--vlbauy. 


Van Rensselaer fam- 
ily. 
Son of Charles II. 


Troy. 


124,511 


4 Richmond. 


1683 


OriginaL 


Richmond. 


SI, 693 


7\ Uoclvland. 


1798 


Orange. 


Descriptive. 


Clarkstown. 


85,162 


GO St. Lawrence. 


1802 


Clinton, Montgomery 
anil Herkimer. 


St. Lawrence river. 


Canton. 


85,048 


,38 Saratoga. 


1791 


Albany. 


Indian name. 


Ballston Spa. 


67,663 


3d Sclienectady. 


1809 


Albany. 


Indian name. 


Sclionectady. 


29,797 


:i3 Sclioliarie. 


1795 


Albany and Otsego. 


Indian name. 


Scholiarie. 


29,164 


28, Schuyler. 


1854 


Steuben, Chemung and 
Tompkins. 


I'hilip Schuyler 


Watkius. 


16,711 


27 Seneca^ 


1804 


Cayuga. 


Indian tribe. 


Ovid, Wateiloo. 


28.227 


19 Steuben. 


1796 


Ontario. 


Baron Steuben. 


Bath. 


81,473 


1 Suffollc. 


1383 


OriginaL 


County of England. 


Riyerhead. 


62,491 


12' Sullivan. 


1809 


Ulster. 


John Sullivan. 


Monticello. 


31,031 


17TioKa. 


1791 


Montgomery. 


Indian name. 


Owego. 


29,935 


29!Tomplims. 


1817 


( 'avuaa azid Seneca. 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


Ithaca. 


82,923 


11, Ulster. 


1G83 OriginaL 


Irish Earldom of 


Kingston. 


87,062 








Duke of York. 






50. Warren. 


1813 


Washington. 


Joseph Warren. 


CaldwelL 


27,866 


37 


\\ aslungton.+ 


1772 


Albany. 


Cteorge Washington. 


Argyle. 


45,G9l> 


51 


Wayne. 


1823 


Ontario and Seneca 


Anthony Wayne. 


Lyons. 


49,729 


G 


VVestcliester. 


ie&3 


Original. 


Town oi Westchester 


\\hite Plains. 


146.772 


24 


Wyoming. 


1841 


(ienesee. 




Warsaw. 


31 193 


20 


Yates. 


182;? 


Ontario. 


loseph C. Yates. 


Ponn Yan. 


21,001 



Changed from Tryon, 1784. 



t Changed from Charlotte, 1784. 



Indian Reservations 
Counties 



69 




Indian Reservations 
Part of the territory of the State is still occupied by Indians, who 
hold, as separate nations, reservations as follows : 




7. Alk'gany, 
6. Cattaraugus, 

3. Onondaga, 

4. St. Reds, 



5. Shinnecock, 
2. Tonawanda, 
1. Tuscarora. 



70 



GjOOCiKAl'llY OF THE E.MPIRE StATE 



The Indians of New York numher alxuit o,000 and occupy lands 
covering 87,677 acres on tlie following reservations: Tuscarora (1) ; 
Tonawanda (2) : Onondaga (-■)) ; St. Regis (4) ; Sliinnecock (5) ; Alle- 
gany (6) and Cattarangus (7), tlie last two being occupied by the 
Senecas. The presiding officer of the general league has always been 
chosen from i]\v Oiiondngas. Schools are conducted upon tliese reser- 
vations inidcr direction of tlie Su])erintendent of Pul)lic Instruction. 

A remnant of the Oneida Indians, numbering 175, reside at Orchard Park, Oneida 
county, and Windfall, Madison county. There are a few Poosepatucks near Brook 
haven, Suffolk County, and some 8 or 10 Montauks, at Montauk Point. 

The Allegany reservation is 40 miles long, on both sides of the Allegany River, 
from the Pennsylvania line, and covers 30,469 acres. The Cattaraugus reservation 
extends some 12 miles from Lake Erie up Cattaraugus Creek, and covers 21,680 acres. 

Full information as to these reservations may be found in the '"Report of the Special Committee 
to iiivosMffate the Indian I'rolileni of the State of New York ", 8:128^, Albany, 1888. 

Cities 
The following map shows the cities of the State. 




They are placed in oi'der of po})u]ation, and miml)t'red as upon the 
map. The classification is according to the Constitution. 

Date of Pop'n in Pop'n in Pop^n in Pop'n in State Oen. Pages where refeii'ed to 

1892 in this book 

,801,': 39.. 11, C7,6G, G8, 74-77, 83, 85, 

91, .'/?, 107, 113, 117 
930,633. .GO, GO, 68, 74, 92, 117 
278,796. .11, 42, 43, 66, 68, 74-77, 79, 
97, 109-111, 116,117 

114,834. .:?/„ 33, 43, 66, 68, 74, 76, 78, 
96, 98, 110, 111, 116, 117 



First Class 
26. New York, 


Incorpor'n 
....1680 . 


1S60 
.80:).658. 


1S70 
.942,292.. 


ISSO 
.1,200,299.. 


1S90 
.1,51.5,301 


27. Brooklyn, 
2. Buffalo, 


....1834.. 
....1832.. 


.2R6.(;01. 
. 81.129. 


.396,099.. 
.117,714.. 


. ;-)66,663.. 
15.5,134.. 


806,343 
255,664 


Second Class 
5. Rochester, 


....1834.. 


. 48,204. 


. 02,386.. 


89,366.. 


133,896 



Cities 71 



19. Albany, 


...1686.. 


. 62,.367.. 


. 69,422... 


90,758... 


94,923... 


97,12C. 


.11,42,43, 66, 68,75, 77, 83, 

Sh. SO, 105, 114 


8. Syracuse, 


.. 1847.. 


. 28,119.. 


. 43,051... 


51,792... 


, 88,143... 


91,944. 


.11,43,56, 66,68, 74,76, 80, 
81, 83, 99, 107, 109, 113 


18. Troy, 


,..1816.. 


. 39,235.. 


. 46,465... 


56.747... 


60,9.56... 


64,986. 


.27,29,68,74, 85, m, 105, 


. Third Class. 














114 


16. Utica, 


..1832.. 


. 22,.529.. 


. 28,804... 


33.914... 


44,007... 


46,608. 


.43, OS, 76, 81, 82, 83, 99, 
107, 108, 113 


28. L. I. City, 


...1870.. 






17.129... 


30.500... 


35,745. 


.00,02, 117 


30. Binghamton, . 


. 1867.. 


. 8.325.. 


. 12.692... 


17,317... 


35,005... 


34,514. 


.11,08,76,96, 101, 107 


24. Yorikers, 


. . 1872. . 


. 11.848.. 


. 18.3.57... 


18,892... 


32,833... 


31,419. 


.91 


31. Elmira. 


...1864.. 


. 8,682.. 


'. 15,863... 


20,541 . . . 


, 30.893... 


29,911. 


.11,08,74, 76, 90, 109, 110, 

116 
.68,76,79,81,110 


7. Auburn, 


..1848.. 


. 10,986.. 


. 17,225... 


21.924... 


2.5,858... 


24,737. 


23. Newburgh, .. 


..1865.. 




. 17,014... 


18,049... 


23,087... 


24,536. 


.,?S, 68, 80, 93 


12. Cohoes, 


...1869.. 


. 8,800. 


. 15.3.57... 


19,416... 


22,.509... 


23,234. 


.27,44, 85, 105 


22. Pous-hkeepsle. . 


..1854.. 


. 14,726.. 


. 20,080... 


20,207. . . 


22,206... 


23,196. 


.68,74,76,87, 89 


13. Schenectady, 


..1798.. 




. 11,026... 


1.3,655... 


19,902... 


22,858. 


.43,68,74,85.103 


9. Oswego, 


...1848.. 


. 16,816.. 


. 20,910... 


21,116. . 


21,842... 


21,966. 


.15,25,33,43,57,68,75,98, 
107, 113 


21. Kingston, 


..1872.. 






18.344... 


21,261 . . . 


21,495. 


.66,68,95,114,116 


35. Jamestown, 


...1886.. 




. .5,336... 


9,357... 


16,038... 


18,617. 


.97, 98 


14. Amsterdam, .. 


...1885.. 




. 5,426... 


9,466... 


17,336... 


18,U2. 


.85 


10. Watertown, . 


...1869.. 


. 7,567. 


. 9,.336... 


10.697. . . 


14,725... 


16,982. 


.4.9,68,9^99 


4. Lockport. 


...1865.. 




. 12.426... 


13,522. . . 


16,038... 


16,088. 


./,?, 68,78,79,97 


15. Gloversville, 


...1890.. 




. 4,518... 


7,133. . 


13,864... 


14,694. 


.83 


25. Mt. Vernon, . , 


...1892.. 










14.000. 


.114 


6. Ithaca, 


...1888.. 




. 8,462... 


9,105... 


11,079 .. 


13,450. 


.3,5,48,68.74, 109, 110, 116 


17. Rome, 


,..1870.. 


. 9,289.. 


. 11.000... 


12,194... 


14,991... 


13,038. 


.15, 42, 44, 76, 81. 82, 99, 
100, 113 


11. Ogdensburg, .. 


. 1868.. 


.t 7,409... 


lo.ore... 


10,3 n... 


11,662... 


11,955. 


.76.99 


34. Olean. 


...1894.. 








11, .507... 




.97, 111 


33. Hornellsville, 


..1888.. 




. 4, .5.52 . . 


8,195... 


10.996... 


11,898. 


.97, 111 


3. Niagara Falls . 


..189.'.. 










11,711. 


.11, '22. 74,78 79,97,98,100 


29. Middletown, . , 


...1888.. 




. 0,049... 


8,494... 


11,977... 


11,612. 


.76, .9;', 93, 113 


1. Dunkirk, 


..1880.. 






7,248... 


9,416... 


10,040. 


.93.97,111,117 


32. Corning. 


,..1890.. 




. 4,018... 


4.802... 


8.550... 


10.025. 


.96, 109, 117 


20. Hudson, 


..1785.. 




, 8.615... 


8.670... 


9,970... 


9,642. 


.57, 68, 76, 85, 114 



111 maunfactnring, the statistics of the larger cities are given as 
follows in the census of 1890. They are numbererl according to the 
amounts. 

7. Albany § 25,536,486 16. Newburgh % 6,964,387 

13. Auburn.. 9,634,785 1. New York 777,322,721 

11. Binghamton... 15,040.152 15. Oswego.. 7,482,378 

2. Brooklyn 269,244.147 17. Poughkeepsie 6,254,132 

3. Buffalo .... 100,052,208 4. Rochester 65,091,156 

12. Cohoes.. 10,836.260 .5. Syracuse . 29,297,241 

14. Elmira 8,844,936 6. Troy 29,248,750 

18. Klng.st,on 4,009,574 10. Utica 15,615,715 

9. Long Island City 16.200,226 8. Yonkers 21,319,017 

It has been thought best to treat of the cities and villages as the 
traveller along our lines of railway would come to tliem, on pages 77 
to 118. But those who })refer to study them topically may do so 
intelligently by looking up the references given and comparing the 
statistics in these tables. 

Thus Elmira is 146 miles from Buffalo (see page 11", the county seat of Chemung 
County (68), the seat of Elmira College (74) and of a Reformatory (76), and on the Erie 
(96), D. L. & W. (109>, Lehigh Valley (110), E. C. & N., and Pa. (116) railways, etc' 



72 



Geography of the Empire State 



Village: 



The foUowiug villages of the State had more than 4.000 population 
under the census of 1<S!»0. They are arranged in the order of })Opula- 




tion, and numbered as on the map. Owego is placed la^-t because no 
separate returns were made in the enumeration. There are other vil- 
lages which have more than 4,000 })0|)ulation which are not given 
here because not officially enumerated separately. The ligures follow- 
ing give pages where the village is referred to in this book. 

43. Hempstead, 60, 118 

2. North Tonawanda, 43, 
77, 79, 97 

4. Albiou. 68. 78, 79 

3. Mediua, 17, 66, 78, 79 
11. Lyons, 43,68,79, 117 
24. Green Island, 105 
K). Whitehall, 11, 42, 44, 

103 
9. Waterloo, 68, 81 
29. Matteawau, 89 
7. Penn Yan, .iJ,, 68, 116, 

117 
28. Saugerties 
13. Fultou, 25, 48, 99, 109, 

113 
49. Waverly, Uli, 100 

33, Xjaek, 01, '■>:, 93 
21, Iliou, 83 

34. White Plains. OS, 114 
48. Oweo-o, 68, 96. 109, 110 



37. 


New Brighton, 




5. 


Batavia, 68. 76, 78, 


89. 


Edgewater 






97, 110 




(Stapleton) 




1. 


Tonawanda, 43, 77. 


25. 


West Troy, 43, 105 






79, 97 


18. 


Saratoga Springs, 11, 




22 


Hoosick Falls, \io 




85, 103 




15. 


Plattsburgh, 66, 68, 


33. 


Lansinghurg 






75, 100, 101 


30. 


Peekskill, 90 




39. 


Port Richmond 


17. 


Glens Falls, 40, 44, 


r,i. 


45. 


Oneonta, 75, ini;, 107 




66, 73, 103 




40. 


College Point, 118 


32. 


Sing Sing, 76, 91 




10. 


Seneca Falls, 48, 81 


44. 


Port Jervis, 30, ft?, 9£ 




12. 


Oneida. 81, 113 


20. 


Little Falls, 15, 19, 

52, 53, 73, 83 


27 


6. 


Canandaigua. 68, 78, 
79, SI 


47. 


Cortland, 68, 75, 109, 


116 


42. 


Jamaica. 60. 68, 75, 


41. 


Fh;shing, 60, 118 






lis 


36. 


New Rochelle, 114 




35. 


Port Clicslcr, 114 


19. 


Johnstown, 68, 83 




46. 


Norwich, (is. 109, 113 


8. 


Geneva, 43, 74, 79, 


81, 


31. 


Haverstraw. 91 




110, 117 




14. 


Maloue, 68, 76. 100 


26. 


Greenbush 




27 


Catskill, 68, %:> 




Education ''•^ 

VIL EDUCATION 

The system of education in New York is peculiar in that it is under 
double control. The Department of Public Instruction has charge of 
all schools supported by i)ublic tax, while the University of the State 
of New York, usually called the Regents, from the name of its officers, 
has control of secondary and higher education, both in pul)lic and 
in private institutions. 

The Department of Public Instruction is administered by a Super- 
intendent, elected by the Legislature for three 
years at a salary of $5,000 a year. He a,p- 
.(•ints the subordinates hi his office, including 
tlie institute instructors and the inspectors of 
teachers' classes ; and lie confirms the election 
bv the local boards of the teachers in normal 
-chools. His authority is broader than is 
entrusted to this officer in any other State. 
His decisions on school matters are not sub- 
cHARLEs K. sKiNNEK j^.^-.^ {q revcrsal by the courts. The portrait 
■of the present Superintendent is here given. 

Next to him in authority are the School Commissioners, who have 
local supervision of all the schools of the State except in cities and 
villages which employ Superintendents. These Commissioners and 
.Superintendents report to the State Superintendent. 

Next come the Trustees of district schools, and the Boards of Educa- 
tion of union schools, who have immediate charge of their schools, 
receiving and expending the money raised, employing teachers, mak- 
ing regulations, etc. 

The University of the State of New York, usually referred to as the 
Regents, from the name of its board of control, lias in charge the 
incorporation of liiglier institutions of learning, the granting of degrees, 
the distribution of certain funds on the basis of examination, and 
lience the establishing of courses of study for secondary schools, the 
(■are of the State Li])rary, State Museum, etc. Its executive officer is 
the Secretary, who is also the State Librarian. 

The State Library, in the Capitol of Albany is the headquarters of 
a Library School which sends out librarians to libraries all over the 
country. Its own e(juipment is remarkably complete, and every 
facility is granted for the use of Ijooks by authors and others either 
there or anywhere in tlie State. 

For full particulars as to the school law of the State, see BarJeen's •' Handbook for 
School Trustees ". 

For a full account of the Civil Government of the State, see Northam's " Civil Gov- 
ernment for Common Schools". 



74 



Gi:()(irvAPHY OF TPiE Empikk State 



Colleges 
The following inn]) shows the loeatioii of the eoUeges of the State. 




The nuiiil)er pretixed shows tlie location on the map, tlie date is that 
of iiieorporation, ami the next numher gives reference to l)age. 

20. AlfredUniversity. Alfred Centre. 1837. 17. Rutg-ers Femnlc ('ollcge, Xe^v York 

17. Barnard College, Ne\Y York, 1889. 91 18G7. 91 

1. Canisius College, Buffalo, 1883. 78 21. 8t. Bonaventure's College. Allegauy, 

18. Colgate Uuiversity, Hamilton, 1846. 113 187.J. 74 

17. College of St. Francis Xavier, New 16. St. Francis's College. Brooklyn. 

Y^ork, 1S61. 91 1884. 60 

17. College of the City of Xew York, 16. St John's College, Brooklyn, 1871. 60 

18o4. 91 17. St. John's College, Fordham, 1846. 

17. Columbia Co!leg(\ New York, 17.-)4. 91 91 

6. Cornell University, Ithaca, 186.'3. ,/.7 9. St. Lawrence University. Canton, 

48, 1(19 ls.-)6. 100 

15. DrewFemaleCollege, Carmel,1866. 114 13. St. Stephen's College, Anandale, 

19. Elmira College, Elmira, 1855. 96 1S60. 74 

11. Hamilton College, Clinton, 1812. 113 8. Syracuse University, Syracuse, 1870. 

5. Hobart College, Geneva, 1825. 81 ,s7 

4. Keuka College, Keuka College, 1892. 3J^ 17. Teachers' College, Xew York, 1887. 

17. Manhattan College. New York, 1863. 91 91 

2. Niagara University. Niagara Falls, 10. Union College. Schenectady. 1795. 85 

1883. 7S 17. Univer.sity of the City of New York, 

17. Normal College of the City of NeAv 1831. 91 

York, 1888. 91 3. University of Rochester, Rochester, 

16. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 1851. 78 

1869. 60 14. Ya.ssar College. Poughkeepsie, 1861. 

13. Rensselaer Pohteeluiie Institute, Trov. ,v,'' 

1824. inr, ' ■ 7. Wells College, Aurora 1868. HO 



Colleges ; Normal Schools 



75 



XoitMAL Schools 
The following- map shows the locatiou of the Xorinal Schools. The 




nnmbers following the name give the pages on wliich the principal 
reference is made in this book to the })laces where they are located. 



IV X( 



r. All 

2. Brockport. 79 
1. Buffalo. 78 

11. Cortland. 109 

12. Fredonia. o9, 98 

3. Geneseo. 68 



Colleo-, 



9. Jamaica. 60, 118 
8. New Paltz. 89, 116 
10. Oneonta. 107 

4. Oswego. 99 

6. Plattsbui-gli. 101 

5. Potsdam. 100. 



The Normal College and the Teachers' CoUe^'e of Xew York ' 'ity are not State institutions, and are 
named on page 74 among the colleges. 

Besides its Xornial Schools, Xew York has an extensive system of educating teachers 
through Teachers' Institutes and Training Classes. An 
institute of one week is held at least once every year in 
every Commissioner District in the State, and all teachers 
required to attend, except those in cities and in vil- 
ages of at least 5,000 inhabitants. Instruction is free, 
and is given by a corps of teachers appointed by the State 
Superintendent. 

Training Classes are held in Academies and Union 
Schools designated by the State Superintendent. Tuition 
is free to the members of the classes, but is paid for by 
the State at the rate of one dollar a week for each student. 
A. s. Do\VNL\(i On completion of the work students who pass the reqtiired 

examination receive a special second-grade certificate. 

Both Teachers' Institutes and Training Classes are tinder special direction of a 
Supervisor, appointed by the State Superintendent. The portrait of the present Super- 
visor is given above. 




76 



Geography of the Empire State 



Charitaf.le and Correctional Institutions 

New York is very liberal in her provisions for the unfortunate and 
the criminal classes. The principal institutions are located as shown 
on the following map. New York city is not numbered. The num- 




n^s following the names give the pages of this book on which the 
principal reference is made to the places in which the institutions are 
located. 



Prisons 
6. Auburn. 81 
10. Dannemora. 100 

15. Sing Sing. 91 

Reformatories 
For Boys and Men 
20. Elmira. 96 
14. Napanock. 

New York (House of Refuge). 91 
3. Rochester Industrial School. 78 
For Women 

16. Bedford Station. 114 

13. House of Refuge, Hudson. 85 
Institutions for the Blind 
2. Batavia. 78 
New York. 91 
Institutions for Deaf-Mutes 
1. Buffalo. 77 

Fordham (New York). 91 
9. Malone. 100 
New York. 91 



3. Rochester. 78 
12. Rome. 81 

Asylums for the Feeble -Minded 

7. Syracuse. 81 

4. Custodial Asylum for Women, New- 

ark. 116 

Asylums for the Insane 
6. Auburn (Insane Criminals). 81 

Matteawan (Insane Criminals). 
19. Binghamton. 96 
1. Buffalo. 77 
18. Middletown (Homeopathic). 93 

8. Ogdensburg. 100 

5. Ovid (Willard Asylum). 110 
15. Poughkeepsie. 89 

3. Rochester. 78 
11. Utica. 83 



Miscellaneous 
19. Asylum for Inebriates, Binghamton. S 
21. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Bath. 96 
11. Masonic Home, Utica. 83 



Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 



77 



VIII. RAILWAY JOURNEYS THROUGH THE STATE 
1. The New York Central and Hudson River R.R. 
This railway is advertised, not without reason, as " America's great- 
est railroad ". In its length, its equipment, the number and speed and 
comfort of its trains, it is probably unequalled' anywhere. Its main 




line reaches from Buffalo to New York city, 440 miles, and its branches 
cover much of the State with network. From Buffalo to Albany there 
are four tracks (see page 52). The West Shore* R.R., which it leases, 
runs nearly parallel with it to New York city. Points where the two 
roads diverge will be mentioned as we go along. • 

The journey may --tart from Bltfalo (1), the recent giowth of 




which lias \jvvn marvellous even among American cities. 

It is the largest coal-distributing point, and with Tonawanda, the largest lumber 
market in the world ; and is second in the world as a livestock market, a horse market, 

* So called because it goes down the Hudson by the western shore, while the Central goes down 
by the eastern. 



78 Geography of the Empire State 

and a granary. It claims to be the cleanest, best-lighted, and healthiest city in the 
United States, with the best water and the best and most complete sewerage. 

It is the gate to the northwest, not only by the steamers of the great lakes but also 
by the railways, four of the greatest of which, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, 
the New York, Chicago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate), the Michigan Central, and the 
Grand Trunk, have their terminal stations here. Already the third manufacturing city 
ot the State, its possibilities under the power now secured from Niagara Falls (see page 
23) can only be surmised. It is the seat of one of the State normal schools, of Canisius 
College, of several professional schools, and of a State Asylum for the Insane. 

The 69 miles from Buffalo (1) to Rochester (5) is the least interest- 
ing stretch of country ui3on this railroad, but is broken midway by 
Batavia (2), a prosperous village, with large manufactures of farming 
machinery, and the seat of the State Institution for the Blind. 

A branch of the New York Central f rom Tonawanda (37) to Canandaigua (46) crosses 
the main line at Batavia. The principal stations are Akron (43), LeRoy (44), and 
Honeoye Falls (45). 

At Bergen (3) the West Shore R.R., which diverges from the Central at Buffalo (1) 
and passes through Akron (43), rejoins the Central, but at Chili Station (4) it diverges 
again, rejoining the Central at Fairport (6). 

Rochester (5) has been called both " The Flour City " and " The 
Flower City " from industries that have made it famous. The enor- 
mous water-power from the Genesee River (see page 24) makes it a 
natural manufacturing centre, and its location in the midst of some 
of the finest farming land in the State has made it a great distributing 
point. 

The Erie Canal crosses the Genesee River here by an ac^ueduct 848 feet long. 

Besides the University of Rochester and the Baptist Theological Seminary, the city 
has an Institution for Deaf Mutes, an Insane Asylum, and a State Industrial School of 
high repute. The Powers Building is a costly and handsome office-building, and con- 
tains a valuable art-gallery open to the public 

Formerly trains bound w. by the Michigan Central went from 




Rochester to Niagara Falls (O*^) by the direct route, passing through 
Brockport (42), Albion (41), Medina (40), and Lockport(39) ; but now 
this road is used only for local traffic, all fast through trains being 
sent by way of Buffalo. 



Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 79 

Brockport (43) is the seat of a State Normal School, and has mannf actures of agri ■ 
cultural implements. Albion (41) is the county seat, and has flour mills, iron manufac- 
tures, and quarries. Medina (40) gives its name to a handsome mottled sandstone (see 
page 66) extensively used for building. 

LocKPORT (39) is named from the locks on the Erie Canal (see page 43), and gets 
abundant water power from the descent of the canal. There are also extensive quarries 
of Niagara limestone (see page 65). The railway crosses the canal by a viaduct 60 feet 
above the water. 

The Niagara Falls (38) have already been described (pp. 21-23). The city includes 
what was formerly the village of Suspension Bridge, and from the enormous water 
power now made available seems likely to become a great manufacturing centre. 

There are branches of the Central from Lewiston, below Niagara Falls, to Buffalo, 
passing through Tonawanda (37), and from Lockport (39) to Tonawanda direct. The 
city of Buffalo (1) already reaches nearly to Tonawanda. If its territorial limits should 
be made as large as those of Chicago, it would swallow up Tonawanda and Niagara 
Falls as well. 

The part of Tonawanda n. of the creek is a separate village, known as North 
Tonawanda. Tonawanda is an enormous lumber market and participates in the recent 
rapid growth of the eastern bank of the Niagara river. 

There are two lines of the Central from Rochester (5) to Syracuse 
(11), known as the " Old " or Auburn Road, jmssing through Canan- 
daigua (46), Geneva (48), and Auburn (52), and the " Direct Road ", 
passing through Lyons (8). The fast through trains go by the latter. 

A characteristic feature of the scenery on the Direct Road is the 





alluvial liilK, hkc that shown in the cut of the so-calkd Mormon Hill 
near Palmyra (7). To one accustomed to the rocky hills of New Eng- 
land, where tradition has it that the noses of sheep have to be sharpened 
to enable them to reach the grass between the stones, it is a surprise 
to see these hills plowed completely over, and to learn that their soil 
is more fertile than that of the plain below. 



5!!! 







.-^2i^'/^/riip> 







Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 81 

Fairport (6) has a variety of manufactures, includiug saleratus and baking-powder. 
Palmyra (7) is a handsome and wealthy village, with some manufactures and a consid- 
erable local trade. 

Lyons (8) has distilleries of peppermint oil, a local product of considerable importance, 
with flour mills and other manufactures. A branch of the Central connects this village 
with Geneva (48). 

Clyde (9) has a glass-factory and other manufactures. At Weedsport (10) is the 
crossing of the Southern Central railroad. 

Returning now to Rochester and coming e. by the Auburn Road, the first large 
village is Canandaigua (46), with its wide main street and its adjoining lake among the 
most beautiful villages of the State. Clifton Springs (47) has a noted sanitarium already 
referred to (see page 57). Geneva (48) also has a spring and water-cure. This village is 
half-way between Rochester and Syracuse, and has an extensive steamboat traffic over 
Seneca Lake with Watkins. It is the seat of Hobart College. Waterloo (49) and Seneca 
Falls (50) have extensive manufactures. Cayuga (51) is the terminus of the Cayuga 
Lake branch of the Lehigh Valley railway. 

Auburn (52) is among the handsomest cities of the State. It has many manufactures, 
among them the most extensive in the country of reapers and mowing-machines. It is- 
the seat of a theological seminary and of a State prison. It was the residence for many 
years of Wm. H. Seward. 

Skaneateles Junction (58) is connected by a railway of 5 miles with Skaneateles, at 
the foot of the beautiful lake of that name (see page 36). 

Syracuse (11) is often called " The Salt City ", from what was once 
its greatest industry (see pages 56, 57), and " The Central City " from 
its location. As the junction of the Erie and the Oswego canals, and 
with four lines of railway to New York, it is a great distributing centre. 
Its manufactures are extensive, and they are diverse, so that its pros- 
perity does not depend upon whether any one product happens to be 
up or down in the market. 

It is the seat of Syracuse University, whose buildings, one of which, the Grouse 
College for Women is shown in the cut, may be seen 
from the train crowning the hill in the southeastern part 
of the city. Half-way up the southwestern hill may be 
seen the Institution for the Feeble-minded, which has a 
national reputation. 

The view on the opposite page shows the crossing of 
the Erie Canal by Salina street, the principal street of 
the city, with an electric car -line extending from Onon- 
daga Valley, four miles s., to Onondaga Lake, two^ 
miles N. The street which turns to cross the bridge is 
Genesee street, before the days of railroads the old turn- 
pike between Buffalo and Albany. A little beyond this 

swing-bridge is the junction of the Erie with the Oswego Canal. 

At Canastota (12) the West Shore diverges again from the Central, cutting straight 

across the country to Utica (15), without making the bend of the Central to the N. 

Oneida (13) has large manufactures, and is an extensive market for the hops that are in 

much of this region the principal product. 

Rome (14) is the terminus of the Black River Canal, and has con- 
siderable manufactures. 

It contains a State Institution for Deaf Mutes well-known for its excellent methods. 




82 



GkOGKAI'IIY of THK EMPIltE Sta' 



Half way from Rome to Utica may be 
seen on the rigiit the monument erected 
near Oriskany a century after to com- 
memorate the bloodiest battle of the Revo- 
lution, fought Aug. 6, 1777. For the 
proceedings at the celebration, Aug. 6, 
1877, see "The Centennial Celebrations of 
the State of New York" (8:465, Albany, 
1879), pp. 57-149, and Ilendrick's "History 
of the Empire State", pp. 101, 102. 

In an address delivered at "Wells Col- 
in 1880, Gov. Seymour spoke as follows 
of the ride along this road : 

To show in another light how intelligence will 
give us ]ileasure in the ordinary c(jurse of our 
lives, let us compare the day's experience of 
different persons travelling through our own 
State from its av. borders to the city of Kew 
York. Starting from the great cataract of Niag- 
ara, where even the most ignorant will feel the 
grandeur of the scene, the man with a reasonable 
knowledge of the State in -which he lives, will 
see along the whole course of the journey ob- 
jects which will constantly arrest his attention, 
recall facts in history or science, and which will 
engage his mind with healthful and instructive 
thoughts. 

He will notice at the outset upon the s.,the 
range of highlands, reaching from Lake Erie to 
the flanks of the Alleghany Mountains. Its eleva- 
tion is not great, but in many ways it is the most 
remarkable water-shed upon the face of our 
globe. 

When he crosses the Genesee Eiver, he sees its 
currents hurrying to the n. to mingle with the 
ci lid water of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the 
oceans which cover the Arctic regions, and he 
knows that its sources are interlocked with those 
of the Alleghany, which find their outlet in the 
tepid waters in the Gulf of Mexico, thus finding 
sufh distant destinations, although they start 
upon their courses from the same hill-tops. 

A little farther on his course, he sees where, 

fiom the same range, the springs which feed the 

blanches of the Susquehanna run down the s. 

■ sh)pes to the Chesapeake Bay, while from their n. 

declivities the affluents of the ]NIohawk traverse 

the valley which loads to the Hudson, and join 

-with it in breaking through the Alleghany ranges, which are not elsewhere severed from their uplifts in 

Georgia to their termination in ^'ova Scotia, a distance of more than a thousand miles. 

These rivers and mountains recall to his memory their controlling influences over savage and 
civilized history. The Indian tribes who dwelt upon these hills made them strongholds for defence ; 
w'.'.lle the valleys, cut into deep cliannels by the rivers I have named, gave them pathways into the 
territories of their enemies. Their positions made them conquerors and masters of a large share of 
the regions E. of the Mississippi. The mind of the intelligent traveller will be led to reflections upon 
the influence of this Indian power upon the history and civilization of our country. But for this 
topography, and its influence upon Indian polity and power, the civilization of the whole valley of the 
Mississippi might have been of French and not of English aspects. 

His mind will dwell upon all the events of the struggle running through a century, between France 
and Britain, for the control of this Continent ; their efforts, by diplomacy or force, to gain the support 
of tlielrociuois; the succession of military campaigns in this then remote wilderness by disciplined 
armies ; and the final overthrow of French power. 

The highlands of Onondaga will recall the story of the French missionaries, who, in their religious 
•/.eal, penetrated tlie interior of our State, before the Colony of Virginia was formed, and will also 







Railway Joukxkys : N. Y. C. & II. R. 83 

reraiiicl him of the march of Champlain with his forces into its central regions, before the Dutch settled 
upon the Hudson, or the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Kock. The earliest traces of European civiliza- 
tion in the original States of our Union, are to be found on the hills s. of Syracuse. Arms and imple- 
ments used by Spanish and French explorers, and traces of fortifications, relics of religious and of 
funeral rites, sliow that civilized men attempted occupation of our territory many years before efforts 
were made by the English to plant colonies on the Atlantic coast. 

In the county of Oneida, the site of Fort Stanwix and a view of the battle field of Oriskany, lead his 
mind on to the Revolutionary struggle, which followed the same pathways, marked by savage war- 
fare, or by the contests of European ambition. 

Along the valley of tlie Moliawk, the presence of the Gennan population, seated there 150 years 
ago by the British government, will tell him of the great struggle against Louis the Great for domin- 
ion in Europe, which was finally defeated by the victories of Marlborough. The old churches built 
Ijefore the Revolution, for the use of the Palatines, and which were made places of refuge for the 
people against the bai'barous warfare of Brant and his savage hordes, will remind him of the terril)le 
history of a valley which suffered from the ravages of war, from the torch, the tomahawk and the 
scalping knife. 

The old stone mansion of Sir William Johnson will recall the story of Indian treaties and his won- 
derful influence over tlie savage tribes. 

The city of Albany, near the confluence of the Mohawk and the Hudson ; its important strategetic 
position through nearly two centuries ; the highlands of the Hudson, the strong defences of American 
liberty ; the treason of .\rnold ; tlie wonderful passage through the chains of the Alleghany range, 
which leads the ocean tides w. of barriers which elsewhere cut off the Atlantic coast from the great 
interior of our continent, will give material for thought and reflection. 

These and much more that I could mention, will occupy the mind of the Intelligent traveller with 
subjects of natural and political interest ; they will engage his attention with topics of dignity and 
Talue. When he reaches the end of his journey, at the harbor of New York, he will feel that he has 
gained and not lost a day. 

Utica (15) is oiie of the haudsomest cities of the State, and a large 
mauufacturiiig centre. It is also the centre of trade of the cheese- 
factories and other diary interests of central New York. 

Its State Lunatic Asylum is one of the most noted in the world, and a ]\[aso;iic Home 
has recently been establi.shed here. 

From this point on to Rotterdam Junction (21) the West Shore follows the s. bank 
of the ]Mohawk, while the Central follows the n. bank. 

Herkimer (16), at the junction of West Canada Creek, is a prosperous manufacturing 
village. It is connected by horse-cars with ]VIohawk, Ilion and Frankfort, on the other 
side of the JMohawk. The four villages are almost continuous. Ilioa is noted for the 
Remington guns and typewriters made there. 

The location of Little Falls (17) has already been described (pp, 15, 
19, 27, 53). The water falls 44 foot in f of a mile, affording abundant 
power for varied manuftictures. It is also a centre of the dairy trade, 

A local railway makes a double curve northeast to Dolgeville, a 
manufacturing village of phenomenal growth, largely inhabited by 
Germans. Its chief products are piano supplies and felt goods. 

Palatine Bridge (18) takes its name from the old Avooden bridge over the IMohawk con- 
necting it with Can- 
ajoharie. 

Fonda (19) is the 
sotithern tenuinus 
of the railway to 
rsortliville through 
J o h n s t o w n and 

Ol.OVEUSVILLE, 

1 ho last named from 
the glove industry 
to which these 
towns are largely devoted. The village on the s. of the river is Fultonville. 











■•*« ~L ^^ 




Kailway Joukxeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 85 

Amsterdam (20) is largely given to the manufacture of knit-goods, 
carpets, boilers, and furniture. Its recent growth has been rapid. 

At Rotterdam Juuctioa (21) the West Shore turns s., cutting across to Coeyman's (24) 
on the Hudson. Here it connects with the FitchburgRR. running across to Mechanics 
ville (55), going on to Boston by way of Schaghticoke, Eagle Bridge, and Hoosick Falls , 
and about half-way to Coeyman's, at Voorheesville (25), it connects with the Delaware 
ana Hudson, running its cars over that road to Albany and Saratoga Springs. Below 
Coeyman's it follows the western bank of the Hudson to Weehawken, N. J., where 
ferries connect it with 42d street and Franklin street, New York city. 

Schenectady (22) has manufactures of locomotives and bi'ooms, 
and lias recently grown rapidly through the large electrical works 
established there 

It is the seat oi Unior University. The Central here cro.sses the Mohawk and bears 
off to the southeast foi Albany, by the heaviest grade on the line ; but a branch follows 
iht s. bank of the river to Cohoes, and crosses the Hudson at Green Island to Troy (54). 
Schenectady is the usual connection from the w. for Saratoga. 

Albany (23) is the capital of the State. As the junction of the 
Erie and the Champlain canals with the Hudson, and of the Central 
with the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., and Boston and the Albany 
railways, with two bridges across the Hudson, it is an important ship- 
ping-point, especially for grain and lumber. It also has large 
manufactures, and its eternally unfinished State capitol gives employ- 
ment to a multitude of laborers. 

More than 20 millions has been expended upon this structure, shown on the hill in the 
opposite cut, and the present estimate of the cost of completion is 5 millions more. 

The State Normal College is here, as are also the Dudley Observatory, and the medi- 
cal, jiharmaceutical, and law departments of Union University (see page 74). 

Besides the railways on both sides of the river, Albany is connected with New York 
by two lines of fine steamers, one running in the day time and the other at night, and 
both favorite routes in summer. The picture on the following page of the Hudson river 
at Albany shows at the left the Dean Richmond lying at dock. 

Hudson (26) is on a steep bluff above the river, 60 feet high, and 
the principal street is along a ridge to Prospect Hill, 450 feet higher. 
It has blast furnaces, and manufactures of clothing, paper, steam fire- 
engines, etc. 

A steam ferry aci-oss the river connects it with Athens, to which a branch road runs 
down from Coxsackie. Helderberg limestone is quarried here and burned for lime. 

All the way down from Albany the Catskill mountains have been in sight and Cats- 
skill (27) is the station for this famous summer resort. It was along the road from 
Catskill to the Mountain House that Rip Van Winkle took his long nap, and saw the 
impish ninepins. A railway runs to Cairo, and to the Catskill Mountain House. 

Rhinecliff is the station on the Central from which one crosses the 
river to Kingston (28), which includes within its city limits what was 
formerly the village of Rondout. It has large quarries of flagstone, 
and is the centre of a large cement industry. 

It was here that the temporary State congress adopted the Constitution of the State. 



Railway Joukxkys : X. Y. C. & H. R. 



87 



PouGHKEEPSiE (29) is upoii a plain 200 feet above the river. It is 
half-way between Albany and New York and the second largest city 
between them. 

The new bridge shown in the following cut of the Philadelphia, Reading and New 





:V ( 





(■ A T H K i hi, 8 



1 !, 



\^^'^, 







Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 



89 



England railway is 6,767J feet or more than 1|- miles long, being second in size only to 
that over the Firth of Forth in Scotland. 

This railway starts from Campbell Hall, runs through the rich farms of Orange and 
Ulster counties nearly parallel with the Wallkill Valley road, shown on the opposite 
map, to Highland, opposite Poughkeepsie, and then turns E. , crossing the river. It then 
runs parallel with the Poughkeepsie & Eastern, formerly the Poughkeepsie, Hartford 
& Boston, to Pine Plains, and then n. to its Rhinecliff branch, formerly the Hartford & 
Connecticut Western, by which it curves around Copake to the s. , crosses the Harlem 
at Boston Corners, where the three States meet, the terminus of the P. & E. , and goes 
on to Hartford, by way of Canaan and Winsted, through some of the most charming 
scenery in Connecticut. 

A branch of this road runs south-east from Poughkeepsie to Hopewell Junction, on 
the Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut road, at the junction of the New York & New 
England. The N. D. & C. runs from Fishkill, through Matteawan, to Pine Plains, 
where it turns E. and meets the P. R. & N. E. at Milierton. The N. Y. & N E, runs 
parallel with the N, D. & C. to Hopewell, and then bears to the southeast through 
Brewsters. running to Hartford through Danbury and Waterbury. 

Fishkill is the scene of many of the exploits of Harvey Birch, in Cooper's "Spy ". 

Poughkeepsie is the seat of Vassar College, a noted college for women, shown in the 

cut, and of the Hudson 
River State Hospital for 
the Insane. 

J^ From Highland an elec- 
1^^'il^' 'i^^i&!!^'i!IS^^fel^H^^^^s^^*^ *^'^^ railway runs to New 
" "^ " z'^-^^r^^^f^^^^ * Paltz, where one of the 

"-■'"f^LH!:- ''i^ .-'^rJ^'" State normal schools is 
located. This is the route from Poughkeepsie to Lakes Mohonk and Minnewaska. 

Newburgh (30) is reached from the Central by steam ferry from Fish- 

kill-on-the-Huclson. 
Its site rises steeply 
some 300 feet from 
tlie river (see page 
28), and is bounded 
jon the s. by the 
'deep ravine of a 
small creek that flows into the Hudson. The residences on the south- 
cast bluff have a view that can hardly be surpassed. The scenery on 
river from here to Peekskill is much the finest on the river. 

Newburgh is the northern terminus of the Erie 
railway and has considerable shipping-trade upon 
the liver. 

Washington's Headquarters are preserved as a 
State park. The original house is shown in the 
circle on the left, while the arch is erected as a 
memorial. The grounds are visited by thousands 
every year, as it is a favorite excursion point. The 
house is filled with revolutionary relics 






00 



Geography of the E^rPIRE State 



.\. little further down the I'iver reached from the Central hy ferry 
from (larrison, is West Ponit (•>!), the nation's mihtary school, views 






/-/ 










of which are here given. Its situation is perhaps the finest in America. 

A view looking n. is shown' on page 28. 

As the river emerges from the Highlands, we reach Peekskill (33), a growing village 
with considerable maniifactnring. Soon the river broadens into Tappan Bay, oftea 



Railway Jouknkys : X. Y. C. & H. R. 



91 




niiint'd Haversfraw Bay, from Haverstraw (33) on the western bank, with considerable 
brick manufacturing industries Further down on 
that side is Nyack (35) with varied manufactures. 
Across the river are Sing Sing (34) with its State 
prison, and further down Tarrytown, whence the 
steam ferry runs to Nyack. 

Now we reach the Palisades (see page 27), that ex- 
tend on the w. side of the river the rest of the way 
to New York. The eastern bank is mostly covered 
by costly suburban residences and the villages of 
Irvington (36) and Dobbs Ferry are but continuations 
of the cities below of which they will soon be a part. 
Near Irvington is Sunnyside, shown in the cut, the 
""^ home of Washington Irving. 
YoxKERS (37) is already connected with New York by elevated 

train, and is practically continuous with it. Its carpet, silk, and hat 

manufactures are extensive, and ^t makes also mowing-machines and 

elevators. 

The drive to New York is delightful, for the road is a handsome boulevard, and 
Morningside Park, shown in the cut, with the 
rixcr and the Palisades on the one hand and 
beautiful residences on the other can hardly be 
surjiassed. It may pass by the new grounds of 
Columbia College, with which the Teachers' Col- 
lege and Barnard College are connected, with 
ne^\ buildings on a scale of cost and with a 
liarmony of architecture not hitherto attempted 
in America. It may then turn off to the south- 
east and extend through Central Park with its 
3Iuseum of Natural History and its Metropolitan 
A)-t ]Museum. Emerging at 59th street, the ride 
may continue down Fifth Avenue, the fashion- 
able residence street of the city. 
Going by the railway, the train soon turns from the Hudson, follows Spuyten 

Duyvil Creek, recently converted 
into a ship-canal, and turning again 
to cross the Harlem follows down 
Manhattan Island, with glimpses 
on the right of Central Park, to 
the well-known 42d street station, 
also the terminus of the Harlem and 
of the New Haven railways. It is 
the only terminal railway station on 
Manhattan Island. From this sta- 
tion without going outside the roof 
one may take the elevated railway 
to the Battery, and by its connections to almost all parts of New York. 

New York (38) is tlie largest city on the western continent, and 
after it has been extended like London and Paris to cover the territory 
legitimately associated with it, is not unlikely within the life of read- 
ers of this book to be in population the greatest of all cities. 







|fi^ 








PORT ERV S 




, YORK fa A^^ ^ ^\^:M'W^-~^^^ 



AMflAHK NOn CO. 



Railway Jouexeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 



93 



As a business centre, New York is second only to London. The 
cut shows A\^all street, the bankers' head- 
quarters, with Trinity church at its head, 
and the United States sub-treasury on the 
right. The statue in front is that of 
Washington, on the site of Federal Hall, 
where in 1789 he delivered his first in- 
augural address. 

A bird's-eye view on page 61 shows the general 
outlines of the city. In the right-hand lower corner 
is Brooklyn, connected with New Yorlc by the East River bridge. In the left hand 
lower corner is Governor's Island. The park seen in the left-hand lower corner of the 
city is the Battery ; the round building formerly called Castle Garden, the landing place 
of immigrants till this was transferred to Ellis Island (see page 60), is now used as an 
aquari\im. From this point the street extending through the two tallest rows of build- 
ings, parallel with the river, is Broadway. The church on the left is Tnnity, already 
pictured at the head of Wall street. The large building with a dome is the Post Office, 
near which are the great newspaper buildings of the Woi-kJ, and Tribune, and Times. 
The large building with a square tower between the Post Office and the East River is 
the Corn Exchange. 

The view on the opposite page is from a different point. It shows Battery Park, 
and Broadway following up the Island nearly parallel with the Hudson. 




2. By the New York, Lake Erie and Western (Erie) 

The map on page 20 shows the five great river divisions of the State. 
The Erie railway, reaching from New York to Dunkirk, its original 
terminus, had to cut its way through all five of these divisions, and 
yet followed the banks of streams almost all the way, — an engineering 
feat which in 1851 was marvellous. See map on page 96. 

Starting from Jersey City (1), the road strikes off to the N. through New Jersey, 
crossing into New York just before it reaches Suflfern (3), the junction of the Piermont 
(36) branch, which has an extension to Nyack. At Newburgh Junction (3) the main 
road turns w., while a branch continues N. to Newburgh (37), already mentioned (see 
page 901. From Grey court (4) is another connecting line to Newburgh. Goshen (5) is 
an important dairy centre. From hero branches run s. through Florida to Pine Island 
(38) and N. to Montgomery (39), and the P. P. & B. railway runs through to Campbell 
Hall. 

MiDDLETOWN (6) has manufactures of wool hats, blankets, carpet- 
bags, and saws. The State Homeopathic Insane Hospital is here. 

The New York, Ontario and Western crosses the Erie here, and the New Jersey 
Midland terminates here. A branch of the Erie runs N. IB miles to Pino Bush (40). 

The railway now crosses the Shawangunk mountains, passing out 
of the Hudson River into the Delaware system, and at Port Jervis (7) 
reaches the Junction of two rivers and of three States (see page 30). 

A railway 24 miles long connects Port Jervis with Monticello (41), 1387 feet above 



Railway Journeys : N. Y. L. E. & AV 



95 



sea -level and 
a favorite 
summer r e - 
i-ort. A view 
along this 
road uear 
the hotel at 
Huguenot, is 
given on the 
opp osi te 
page . A 
bran c h of 
this Toad runs 




from Huguenot Junction to Wurts>burouud 
Pinnmitville, connecting with the New 
York, Ontario and Western. 

The view here given shows the Dela- 
Avare as seen from Hawlis Nest Rocks, 6 
miles Av. of Port Jervis. The Roclis are 

)wn in the lower portion of the cut. 
The canal on the right is that of the Dela- 
Avare & Hudson Canal Co., running from 
Honesdale, Pa., to Rondout. 

The railway now crosses the Del- 
aware into Pennsylvania, follow- 
ing tlio s. bank of the river for 30 
miles to Tuston, with a l:)raneh at 
Laekawaxen (8) for the coal mines 
at Honesdale. 

It then crosses to the northern 
bank of the Delaware and follows it through Narrowsbnrg (9), thus 
named because the river is here compressed by two points of rock into a 
channel so narrow that the water is 100 feet deep, and Hancock (10), to 
Deposit (11), where it parts from the Delaware, crossing the watershed 
over into the Susquehanna system. To do this it strikes down into 
Pennsylvania again. 



Susquehanna (12) is the junction of its branch runnins. 
Carbonilale. 



down to the coal mines of 



96 



GEOGRArHY OF THE EmPIRE StATE 




:e<>*^ 



It now follows the Susquehanna as faithfully as it did the Delaware. 
It crosses the Chenango at Binghamton (13), called "The Parlor 
City " from its cleanliness, and growing rapidly. 

There is here a State Hospital for the Insane, and an Institution for Inebriates. 

It passes througli Owego (14), and at Waverly (15) almost touches 
the Pennsylvania boundary. 

Here it says adieu to the Susquehanna, and follows its trilmtary, 
the Chemung, to Elmira (16), an attractive city, with large manufac- 
tures, especially of iron. 

Here are Ehnira College, the first college for women ever established ; and the 
Elmira Reformatory, whose system of reclaiming criminals is widely Icnown. 

A branch from Ehnira nms w. of s. to the coal region of Blossburg and Hoyt- 
ville, Pa. 

The railway strikes n. and makes a right angle at Horseheads, 
coming back to the river and following it on the s. side to Corning (17). 

This is the terminus of several branches of the Fall Brook coal system of railways, 
connecting the mines of Lycoming and Tioga counties with the New York Central rail- 
way system. It has large manufactures, and its artistic cut-glass is highly esteemed. 

At Painted Post, two miles further, where the Cohocton and Tioga rivers unite (see 
page :^2), the Rochester (45) division of the Erie branches off from the main line. The 
principal stations are Bath (43), the seat of the State Soldiers' Home ; Avoca, Cohocton, 
Blood's (post-oflBce Atlanta) (43), Wayland, Conesus, near the lake of that name, and 
Avon (44). The last has been spoken of (page 57). 

Local railways run from Bath (42) northeast to Hammondsport, at the head of Keuka 
Lake (see page 34) ; and from Kauona n. to Prattsburgh. 

A branch runs s. from Avon to Mount Morris (46), with connections for Dansville. 
Two beautiful views of the Genesee valley near Dansville are shown on page 108. 



Railway Journeys : N. Y. L. E. & W. 97 

Another branch runsE. throuo-h Lvlioy (47) to Batavia (48), for which see page 78 ; 
and hence through Alexander to the main line at Attica (28). 

Taking the southern of the two branches of the Chemung, the rail- 
way follows the Tioga, passing through Andover (18) and Canisteo 
(19) to HoRXELLsviLLE (20), pre-eminently a railroad city, but with 
some manufactures. 

Here the original road ran on to Dunkirk (52), which in 1851 was expected to be the 
great port on Lake Erie. But its docks are rotting now, and the fast trains of the Erie 
run to Buffalo (25), or by direct connection av. by way of Jamestown (35). 

The Buffalo division surmounts the watershed just before reaching 
Nunda Station, almost at the boundary between Allegany and Living- 
ston counties, and celebrates its reaching the St. Lawrence system by 
crossing Portage Falls (21) on a picturesque iron bridge 820 feet long 
and 236 feet above the river. See page 23. 

At Silver Springs (22) is the junction for Silver Lake, 3 miles long 
and becoming recognized as a charming summer resort ; and for Perry 
at its outlet. 

Attica (23) is a railroad centre, with a tannery, carriage-shops, and 
flour-mill. At Lancaster (24) the Erie comes into Buffalo (25) jmrallel 
with the Central through a suburban region rapidly building up. 

The road is continued to Tonawanda (26) and Niagara Falls (27), wath a branch to 
Lockport (28)— all of these parallel with the similar lines on the Central (see page 79). 

Returning to Hornellsville (20) and following the Erie w. we curve 
to the s., and cross the watershed into the St. Lawence system, reach- 
ing Dyke Creek at Andover (29), and following it to its junction with 
the Genesee at Wellsville (30), the largest village in Allegany county 
and an important shipping-point. 

The railway follows down the Genesee, crossing it at Belmont 
(which includes tooth-picks among its manufactures), but at Belvidere, 
at the mouth of Van Campen's Creek, makes a sharp turn to the s. 
and follows up that stream beyond Friendship, crosses the watershed 
into the Ohio system, and at Cuba (31) strikes Oil Spring Creek, which 
it follows down to its junction with Ischua Creek near Hinsdale, and 
thence follows the Ischua, now called Clean Creek, to its junction with 
the Allegany River at Clean (32), which was made a city in 1894. 

The railway now follows the Allegany to Salamanca (33), which is 
in the Indian Reservation (see page 69). 

From here the original main line extended to Dunkirk (64), following up the deep 
valley of Little Valley Creek beyond Little Valley (49), crossing the watershed into the 
St. Lawrence system, and following a branch of the Cattaraugus, crossing the Buffalo and 
Southwestern division of the Erie at Dayton (50), and passing through Forestville (51). 

Dunkirk (52) has an excellent harbor, and was once thought to have a great future. 
But its commerce has gone to Buffalo, and its largest Industry is the Brooks Locomo- 
tive Works, employing more than 1000 men. 



98 



(lK()(ii:AI'IIV ol' 



K.Mrii;!-: State 



It is the northern terminus of the Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburg railway, 
which passes through Fredonia, three miles away, where there is a State Isormal School, 
and which was lighted by natural gas so far back as in 1821 (see page 59). It is also 
connected with Fredouia ])y an electric railway. 

A branch runs from Salamanca s. through Bradford, Pa., to Johnsonburgh, Pa. 

At Red House the Erie turns off w., following the valley of Little 
Connewango Creek, through Randolph (44) to Kennedy, where it 
strikes acro.ss to Jamestown (35) near the foot of Chautauqua Lake, the 
outlet of whicli furnishes water-power for extensive and diverse man- 
ufactures, 'hheiice the Erie extends southwest into Rennsylvania to 
Corry, Meadville, Warren, etc., and makes western connections. 

The Buffalo and Southwestern division of the Erie runs parallel with the main line 
from Jamestown (35) beyond Kennedy into Cattaraugus county, and thea turns N., 
passing through Conewaugo, Cherry Creek (53), Dayton (50) and Hamburg (54). 

3. The Rome, Watertowx & Ogdensbukg 

This line was in l-SDl leased in perpetuity to the New York Central, 
but is extensive and distinctive enough to require separate map and 
treatment. It is the St. Lawrence river route from the v,\ to northern 
New England, and besides controlling much of the local traffic of 
New York, its through trains are well pati'oni/ed. 

Starting from Niagara Falls (1), where it connects with the Michi- 
gan Central, and following the river- 
down to Lewiston (5), the head of 
navigation, it turns off to the e., 
running nearly parallel with the 
lake shore to AVatertown. 




Along the s. shore the villages are mcstly 
■-m.dl, Wilson (o), Lyndonville (4), and 
Kendall (5) being the largest till Charlotte 
(fi) is reached, the lake port of Rochester, 
A\ilh a population of 1500, and the centre of 
sevei'al attractive summer resorts, including 
Ontario Beach, Windsor Beach, Lake Bluff, 

Sea Ercc/c, Ii mdc (|ii()it 1'>a\ L,d\( P>ea( h and Lake A^iew. A branch line connects the 

R. W. A: (). with Kodiesttr, 7 miles s. 

At Charlotte (0) the railway crosses the Genesee ])y an iron-draw- 
bridge 300 feet long. 

Passing Ontario (7) and Sodus, the line crosses at Wallingford (8), the Sodus branch 
of the Pennsylvania railway. Wolcott (10) has a thousand inhabitants, and Red Creek, 
6 miles further E., has half as many. 

At Sterling (10) is the crossing of the Southern Central branch of the Lehigh Valley. 

Oswego (11) is, next to Toronto, the largest city on Lake Ontario. 
It has a good harbor, formed by the mouth of the Oswego River, and 
is protected l)y Fort Ontario. The site is l)ounded on the s. by a bluff 
160 feet high. 



JvAiLWAY .Journeys: H. W. & O. 



99 




For its watcT-iiuwcr sec paiie 25 ; for its miucral spring, page 57. Its State Normal 
School is one of the most famous in the world. Among its manufactures that of corn- 
starch is best known, its once famous flour-mills having been mostly burned. As the 
terminus of the Oswego Canal and with its fine harbor it might be expected to have 
considerable commerce, but its principal .shipments are of coal. 

A branch line runs down the eastern bank of the river to Syracuse (33). The prin- 
cipal stations are Fulton (30),' the water-po^Ver of which is mentioned on page 25 ; and 
Phoenix (31), on the Oswego Canal, with some manufactures. 

Mexico (12) has a tannery and flouring mills, and an academy at one time quite 
prominent in the State. At Pulaski the road reaches the Salmon River, and follows it 
for a little distance on its way to Richland (14). This river must be carefully distin- 
guished from the other river of the same name, which this railway crosses at Malone. 
See next page. 

From Pulaski a branch runs s. to Syracuse (32), with no large stations. At Central 
Square (33) is the crossing of the New York, Ontario and Western. At the crossing of 
the Oneida River at Brewerton there is a view from the train of Oneida Lake. 

At Richland (14) is the junction with the Rome (35) division, the principal station 
on which is Camden (34). This is the starting-point of the Elmira, Cortland & North- 
ern railway. See page 116. 

Adams (15) has a foundry and machine shop, and is a distributing-point for f:u-m 
supplies. 

Watertown (16) gets its water-power from the falls of tlie Black 
River (see page 49), and has extensive manufactures of flour, leather, 
machinerv, woolen goods, sewing macliines, and spring wagons. 

It is pleasantly situated and attractively built up. 

Branches run from here to Sackett's Harbor (36), Cape Vincent (37), and Carthage 
(38), the last connecting with the Utica and Black River di^•isiou. which the main line 
crosses again at Philadelphia (17). 

This was formerly a rival railway, from Utica (42) to Ogdensburg (46). Starting at 
Utica (42) it bends around to Trenton Falls (41), crosses the Black River Canal at Boon- 




100 Geography of THis Empire State 

ville (40), and follows the river through Low- 

ville (39) to Carthage (38). Continuing n. it 
crosses the main line at Philadelphia (17) 
and at Theresa Junction (43) conneccs for 
Clayton (44) and the Thousand Islands (see 
liage 63) and goes on through Morristown 
(45) to Ogdensburg (46). 

Antwerp (18) contains what was once the 
Black River Conference Seminary, now Ives 
Seminary. Uouverncur (I'J) iius important manufactures and quarries. At De Kalb 
Junction (30) a branch runs through Rensselaer Falls and Heuveltcm to Ogdensburg 
(46). The St. Lawrence is here 2 miles wide, and in winter may usually be crossed on 
the ice to Prescott, on the Canadian shore. It has large manufactures of flour, lumber, 
machinery, and leather, and a State Hospital for the Insane. 

After passing Canton, the county seat, where the St. Lawrence University is located, 
the train reaches Potsdam (21), which gives its name to the hard red sandstone quarried 
here. It has extensive lumber-mills, and a State Normal School. 

Norwood (22) is the Junction of the R. W. & 0. with the Central 
Vermont, by which it makes its eastern connections. 

The R. "W. & O. continues to Massena Springs (47), spoken of on page 57. The 
length of the line from Niagara Falls is 301 miles. 

Considering the Central Vermont as a continuation of the R. W. & O., we turn now 
to this road. It starts from Ogdensburg (46), and passing through Madrid, N. of which 
are Madrid Springs, takes the through cars of the R. W. & O. at Norwood (22), crosses 
the St. Regis River at Winthrop (23), spoken of on page 49, and the Northern Adiron- 
dack road at Moira (24). 

This road is used mostly for transporting lumber, though it has stations for Paid 
Smith's and for Saranac Inn. It ends at Tupper Lake (48). A branch of the Central 
Vermont runs n. to Bombay (49), where it connects with a branch of the Grand Trunk 
from Massena Springs (47) into Canada. 

The Central Vermont reaches the Salmon River at Maloue (25), the 
largest village on its New York line, and one of the pleasantest towns 
in the State. It has an Institution for Deaf Mutes. 

Here connection is made with the Adirondack & St. Lawrence railway, also leased 
by the N. Y. Central. Following up the Salmon River to Loon Lake (50), this road fol- 
lows the watershed between the St. Law^rence and Hudson systems (see page 37), con- 
necting at Saranac Junction (51) for Saranac Lake (52) and Lake Placid (53). It then 
curves around by Rowlin's Pond, crossing the Northern Adirondack at Tupper Lake 
Junction (48), crosses the Racket River before reaching Childwold (54), strikes down 
through a corner of Hamilton county, nearing the Fulton chain of lakes at Fulton 
Chain (55), strikes s. to Trenton Falls (41)' and then bears off to the southeast till it 
meets the New York Central at Herkimer (56). See relief map on page 102. 

The Chateaugay railway extends from Saranac Lake (52), through Loon Lake (50), 
curves off to the e., passes through Dannemora (57), where there is a State Prison, and 
ends at Plattsburgh (58). 

The Central Vermont continues through Chateaugay (26), the 
nitrogen springs of which were spoken of on page 57, and Ellenburgli 
(27), crosses the New York and Canada at Mooer's (28), and reaches the 
boundary of the State at Rouse's Point (29), on the Canadian frontier. 

It crosses Lake Champlain on a bridge a mile long, and continues through St. Albans, 
Montpelier, and White River Junction, Vt., to points e. 



Railway Journeys : D. & H. 



101 



4. The Delaware and Hudson R. R. 

We have now followed the three* great lines that cross the State 
horizontally, and we come to those which cross the State perpendicu- 
lary. These are in some respects even more interesting than the 
others, as they cut through the geological strata of the State, and show 
a oonstaut change of soil and of scenery. 

The longest of these is the Delaware and Hudson R.R., which 




reaches from Rouse's Roint to Binghamton, 333 miles. 

This road takes its name from the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., which built the 
canal from Honesdale to Rondout (see page 75), and afterward got control of what used 
to be the Albany & Susquehanna and the Rensselaer & Saratoga railways, with their 
connections. 

Starting from the Canada line at Rouse's Point (1) and connecting 
at Chazy Junction (2) with its line for Mooer's Junction (26), it reaches 
Plattsburgh (3) on Cumberland Bay, where Commodore McDonough 
won his great victory over the British in 1814. See Hendrick's His- 
tory, pp. 134, 135. 

This village has a safe harbor, and abundant water-power from the Saranac. It has 
a State Normal School. 

A branch road runs to Au Sable Forksf (27), aflfordiug a pleasant route to Au Sable 
Chasm on the e., and to Whiteface Mountain and Lake Placid on the w. 

It follows the shore of Lake Champlain to Port Kent (4) where 
there is a branch road for Au Sable Chasm (see page 50), and soon 

'Four, if the West shore be considered apart from tlie New Yorlv Central. 

tThe train stops at Ro-rers Station. (Clintonville post-office), .3 miles from the village. 



-^■^n MONTREAL; • 





Railway Journeys: I). & H. 103 

runs farther inland to AVestport (5), whence there is a dehghtful stage- 
ride mountainward to EUzabethtown. 

At Port Hemy (6) it reaches the great irou region, with a branch freight road run- 
ning up to Moriah and Mineville. At Crown Point, 8 miles further, there is a branch 
road, also for iron, to Hammondville. 

At Addison Junction (7) it forms connection for Ticonderoga (28) 
and Lake George, and with the Central Vermont for Leicester Junc- 
tion and other Vermont points. 

Here steamer jiassengers are now transferred. Before the railway 
was built the steamers used to run up the narrow head of the lake to 
Whitehall (8). 

This village is picturesquely located at the foot of Skene's Mountain and at the 
mouth of Wood Creek, and is the terminus of the Champlain Canal. It was once a 
leading lumber market and still does considerable lumber trade. Its principal manu- 
facture is of silk. 

A branch line runs e. from Whitehall to Rutland, Vt. (30), connecting at Castleton. 
(29) with a branch of the D. & H. that runs through Granville (31), Salem (32), and 
Cambridge (33), and connects with the Fitchburg R.R. at Eagle Bridge (34). The hillj 
character of the centre of Washington County is shown from the fact that so long a 
railway journey is necessary to go from the eastern to the western part. A branch road 
runs up from Johnsonville to Greenwich. 

The railway now crosses the watershed to the Hudson system by 
following the Champlain Canal through Fort Ann (9) to Fort Edward 
(10), where connection is made for Glens Falls and Lake George. 
See page 44. 

It crosses the Hudson and strikes inland to Saratoga Springs (11), 
already spoken of on page 57. 

Here connection is made with the Adirondack branch of the D. &II., which runs 
through Corinth (35), with its huge paper-mills ; Luzerne i,36), or Hadley, as it used to 
be called, at the junction of the Sacondaga, with the highest falls on the Hudson ; and so 
on up the river till at North Creek (37), 57 miles from Saratoga, it lands its passengers 
well within the portals of the Adirondacks. See map on the opposite page. 

A branch of the Fitchburg R.R., runs from Saratoga Springs by Saratoga Lake to 
]\Iechanicsville, with a branch to Victory Mills and Schuylerville, 
on the Hudson. Near Schuylerville is the Saratoga Monument, here 
shown, erected Oct. 17, 1877, to commemoi'ate Burgoyne's surrender 
a century before, the most important event of the Revolutionary 
War. See "Centennial Celebrations", pp. 231-356. 

At Bemus Heights, at the head of Saratoga Lake, the centenary 
of the battle fought there was celebrated Sept. 19, 1877. See 
"Centennial Celebrations", pp. 151-194, and Hendrick's History, 
p. 103. 

A road runs from Saratoga Springs up Mt. McGregor, where 
Gen. Grant died. 

At Ballston (12), already spoken of on page 57, 
the railway forks, one branch connecting with the Central for the w. 
at Schenectady (38), and with the main line of the D. & H. at Quaker 
Street (15) ; while the other, on which the through trains are run, 




Railway Journeys : D. & H. 105 

curvino- southeast to Mechaiiicsville, whence it follows the Hudson 
through A\^aterford, Cohoes, and West Troy to Albany (14). See 
pages 85, 88. 

Cars for New York and the e. are switched at Green Island, a vil- 
lage on the island of that name in the Hudson opposite Troy, for 
Troy (39), at the Mouth of Poestenkill ('reck, and at the head of navi- 
gation on the Hudson, 

The site of the city is an alluvial plain extending 3 miles along the river, and from 
I to f miles wide. The city is fast creeping up the hills oa the e. however, and Mount 
Ida, on the southeast, from which the view on the opposite page is taken, has a delight- 
ful outlook in every direction. The city has extensive manufactures, especially of iron, 
and of collars and cuffs. 

It was here that Emma Willard established her Female Seminary, the first institution 

founded for the higher education of women, which has 

recently received large endowments for new buildings. 

Here too is the Kensselaer Polytechnic Institute, shown 

in the cut, one of the best scientific schools in the country. 

..Vrrslt 5 2l£f^t -|SS St. Joseph's Theological Provincial Seminary has a 

'*f^j! ^T/T"] *t ' ' " -p-J'-.t^ sightly location upon the hill. Across the river, at West 

'ii^-c^y^y^'r^f^^^ Troy, is a large national arsenal. A line of night 

'^■ii Jti^ '^ steamers to New York is well patronized in summer. 

From Albany (14), where the station adjoins that of the New York 




#> 










■^.»A4y«5*^feLjj ^j-^"^' 






Cential, but is bot^\een it and the iner, and low ei, the ladwa} cunes 
off to the Av., crossing the AV^'est bhore at Voorheesville, and cuuuucting 
with its Schenectady branch at Quaker Street (15). 

When it reaches Schoharie Creek at Central Bridge, it connects with a branch road 
following the creek up through Schoharie (40) to IMiddleburgh (41). 

At Schoharie (40) is the Old Fort, still in state of preservation but with the marks 
of cannon-balls, which in Oct., 1780 preserved its Inmates from an attack by a strong 
force of Indians, Tories, and soldiers. Here on Sept. 23, 1876, was laid the corner-stone 
of a monument to David Williams, one of the captors of Andre, the British spy. See 
" Centennial Celebrations", pp. 195-230, and Hendrick's History, pp. 107, 108. 

From Central Bridge the railway follows the Cobleskill Creek to 
West Richmond ville, surmounts the watershed into the Susque- 
hanna system almost at the county line, and follows Schenevus Creek 
through Worcester and Schenevus (18) to its junction with the Susque- 
hanna, where a line runs n. through Hartwick Seminary to Coopers- 
town (43), already mentioned on page 42. 

Passing by Howe's Cave (16), described on pages 54, 55, it connects at Cobleskill (17) 
for Sharon Springs (42), mentioned on page 57, and Cherry Valley (43). 



Railway Journeys : D. L. & W 



107 



Here the Cherry Valley Monument was unveiled Aug. 15, 1877, to commemorate 
the massacre of Nov., 1778. See "Centennial Celebrations", pp. 357-383, and Hen- 
drick's History, p. 105. 

Following now the Susquehanna, it passes through Oneonta (19), 
the largest village between Albany and Binghamton, and a natural 
distributing-point for a rich fcirming section. 

It is the seat of a State Normal School, the view from the steps of which given on 
the opposite page shows the Susquehanna valley at its best. This outlook is said to 
resemble strikingly the valley of Lacedaemon, in Greece. 

The seclusion of this valley between its hills is shown from the fact that the quick- 
est way to reach Oneonta from New Yoi'k city or from Syracuse is by way of either 
Albany or Binghamton. Compare what is said of crossing mountains on page 112. 

Passing through Uuadilla (20), and barely cutting across the cor- 
ner of Delaware county, the railway crosses at Sidney (21) the New 
York, Ontario and Western ; passes through Bainbridge (22) and 
Afton (23) ; and at Nineveh (24) diverges from the river, strikes north- 
west, cuts through the hill by a tunnel, and curves down into Bing- 
hamton (25). See page 96. 

A branch from Nineveh (24) follows the Susquehanna through Windsor (44) dowa 
into Pennsylvania, and continues s. to Carbondale, Scranton, and Wilkesbarre. 



5. The DELA^VARE, Lackawanna & Western R.R. 

This is, like the Delaware & Hudson, one of the great coal com- 
panies of the country, and enters the State from its mines in Pennsyl- 




vania by way of the Susquehanna, which it follows to Binghamton (1). 
See page 96. From here it sends out branches to Utica, Oswego, and 



Railway JouRxXeys : D. L. & W. 109 

Buffalo, thus reaching by its own trains the central and western part 
of the State. 

The Utica division follows up the Chenango River by Chenango 
Forks (2) and Greene, through the picturesquely situated village of 
Oxford (3), and through Norwich (4), a prosperous distributing-point, 
with iron and other manufactures ; through Earlville (5) and on until 
just before reaching Waterville (6), the headquarters of hop-product- 
ion, it passes over the watershed into the St. Lawrence system, and 
ends at Utica (8). See page 83. 

At Richfield Junction (7) a branch line runs through Bridgewater and "West Winfield 
to Richfield Spnugs (25), for Avhich see pages 57-59. 

The Syracuse and Oswego division follow up the Tioughnioga from 
Chenango Forks (2), through Whitney's Point (9), and Marathon (10) 
to Tully (12), where Green Lake flows from the s. through the Tiough- 
nioga into Chesapeake Ba}^ and from the n. through Onondaga Creek 
into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. See page 42. 

Cortland (11) is at the junction of the two branches of the Tioughnioga, and at the 
confluence of 7 distinct valleys, separated by ranges of hills from 200 to 400 feet high, 
and radiating in different directions. This makes it the natural distnbuting-point for 
this entire region. It has also built up large manufactures, especially of carriages. A 
State Normal School is located here. 

Two miles n. on the D. L. & W., and connected with Cortland by electric railway, 
is Homer, long noted for its excellent academy, and recently developing considerable 
manufactures. 

The railway still rises, however, till it reaches a station called Sum- 
mit, when it passes into the St. Lawrence system and descends rapidly 
to Syracuse (13). See page 81. 

It follows down the s. side of Onondaga Lake, through the salt- 
covers, and crosses the Seneca River at Baldwinsville (14), a prosper- 
ous village W'ith large flouring mills. It goes on down the Oswego 
River by Oswego Falls (15) and Fulton (see page 25), and ends at 
Oswego (16). See page 98. 

The Buffalo division runs parallel with the Erie through Owego, 
Waverly, Elmira, Corning, and Bath to Atlanta (18). For this route 
see pages 96, 97. 

From Owego (17), a branch road runs n. through Candor (25) and Caroline (26) to 
Ithaca (27), getting down the hill into the city by a series of criss-crosses quite puz- 
zling to the inexperienced traveller. This city has already been spoken of as the seat of 
Cornell University (see page 35) and the centre of picturesque waterfalls (see page 48). 
It has also large manufactures, and besides its numerous railroads has a line of steamers 
down Cayuga Lake. 

From Atlanta (18) the road bears off to the w., crosses the w^ater- 
shed, and enters the Genesee valley near Dansville (19). Two views 
of the valley from this place are given on the opposite page. 



110 



Geogkapiiy of the Empire State 




From here the raihvay strikes northwest to Mount Morris (20), 
crosses the Genesee, |)asses through Greigsville, where saU is taken 
out from mines 1200 feet deep at the rate of 800 tons a day, and curv- 
ing around through Pavilion (21), at Alexander (22) comes near the 
Erie again and runs parallel with it into Buffalo (23). 
G. Tjie LKiiKiii Valley II. II. 
A third great coal line also runs its lines into this State, and we 

may return hy it from Buf- 
falo (1). We observe that 
its route is by the central 
lakes, skirting Seneca and 
Owasco on one side, and 
Cayuga on both. 

Starting from Buffalo (1), 
the road runs parallel with 
the New York Central to 
Batavia (2) (see page 78), 
and continues almost due 
E. to Rochester Junction 
(3), whence a branch runs n. to Rochester. It crosses the Aulnirn 
branch of the Central at Fisherville (4) and at Shorts ville ('")), and 
runs nearly parallel with it to Geneva (6). See i)age 81. 

Here the main line crosses Seneca County, passing through Tru- 
niansburgh and Taughannock Falls to Ithaca (7). It then bears s. 
through Van Etten ville (8), passes out of the State at Waverly, and 
goes on to New York through Towanda, Maucli Chunk, and Alk'U- 
town, Pa. 

The western branch from Geneva (6) follows down the eastern shore of Seneca Lake, 

having connection with the main line from "Willard Asylum (10' (see page 76). Ovid is 

on this connecting line, in the centre of the county. It goes on through Burdett (11) 

and Odessa (12), breaking off to the southeast to meet the main line at Van Ettenville (8). 

There is also a branch line from Waverly ^9) to Elmira (13). 

The Auburn division starts from Fair Haven (14), crosses the Central s. of the Seneca 

River, and from Auburn (15) follows up the 
outlet by Owasco Lake through Moravia (16), 
Groton (17), and Dryden, and curves around 
through Newark Valley (19) to Owego (20), 
whence it follows the Susqixehanna to Wa- 
^ verly (9). 

'.'- ^r The Cayuga division crosses from Auburn 

,=! k~' (15) to Cayuga, and follows down the eastern 

:"'^' shore of the lake through Union Springs and 

Aurora to Ithaca (7), where it connects with 

the main line. 

At Aurora, one of the most beautiful vil- 
lages in the State, is situated Wells College, a school of hiu'h raids; for voung ladies. 




Railway Journeys: L. V.; W. N. Y. & P. 



Ill 




. 7. The Western New York & Pennsylvania R.R. 

This is another of the roads counecting our New York cities with 

Pennsylvania. Its Pitts- 
burgh division runs paral- 
lel with the Lake Shore 
tracks (see page 117) from 
Buffalo (1) through Angola 
(2) and Dunkirk (3) to 
Brocton (4), where it make 
a little circuit to the e. and 
strikes down to Mayville 
(5), at the head of Chautau- 
qua Lake, and strikes s. 
through Sherman (6) to 
Oorry, Pa., and thence on through Titusville to Oil City. 

From Mayville a railway runs down the n. shore of Chautauqua to Jamestown. 
The Buffalo division bears off to the s. of e. from Bufiiilo (1), turns 
-to the s., passing through East Aurora (7) and Holland (8), cuts 
across a little corner of Wyoming County at Arcade (9), crosses the 
Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh at Machias (10), follows the Ischua 
€reek down through Frankhnville (11) to Hinsdale (12), and thence 
runs parallel with the Erie to Clean (13), and so on through Portville 
(14) to Emporium, with connections for Harrisburg, Philadelphia and 
Washington. 

From Olean a narrow-gauge branch runs to Bradford, Pa. (15) ; another branch fol- 
lows the s. branch of the Alleghany and circles back to Bradford. 

The Rochester division runs from Olean (13) through Hinsdale (12) 
:and Cuba (16) to Belfast (17), where it strikes the Genesee River, 
which it follows to Portage (18). Here it curves off to the e., con- 
necting at Nunda (19) for Swain (20) at the junction of the Erie and 
the Central New York & Western. Near Mount Morris (21) it crosses 
the Genesee, and follows its western bank to Rochester (22). It is 
l)uilt upon the tow-path of the abandoned Genesee Valley Canal. 

The Central New York and Western R.R. runs from Swain (20) s. 
to Angelica (23), and also e. to Wayland (24) and to Hornells- 
ville (25). 

Still another division runs from Olean through Portville to Bolivar 
(26), whence an extension not now operated connects with the other 
•divisions at Angelica, and strikes w. to connect with the W. N. Y. & 
P. at Belfast! 



112 



GEOrxRAPHY OF THE EmPIRE StA 



8. The New York Ontario & AVestern R.R. 
AVhen this railway, then called the New York & Oswego Midland, 
was first projected, great things were expected of it. " See how it cuts 




across the State," its advocates cried; "it is the liNpotlieniiM' of the 
triangle the New York Central takes two sides of." People forgot 
that it is no farther around a hill than over it, and invested in 
this line that went over the hills. So they lost their money, and the 
fast trains still go by the old routes. But to one who has leisure and 
enjoys picturesque scenery this line affords a delightful journey. 

When Nicholas I. looked at the plans foi* the proposed railway from St. Petersbm-g to Moscow, he 
grew angry. "Why does it bend off here to the west?" he asked. "To pass through the city of 
Novgorod, your majesty."— "And why these curves?"—" To follow the Volga river, your majesty."— 
" And this twist ? "— " To avoid those mountains, your majesty."—" Get me a ruler ! " The czar took 
it, put one end on St. Petersburg and the other on Moscow, and drew his pencil down the edge. 
" Tliere is your railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow," he said. And almost in a straight line the 
railway runs for 400 miles. 

But only czars make railways that way. The cost was enormous, atid the road passed through 
only one large town. It was many years before a branch road was built to Novgorod. 

It should be remembered in choosing a route that railway distances are measured not by miles but 
by hours. The West Shore has fewer miles between Buffalo and New York than the Central, but its 
quickest trains are some hours longer on the way. The experienced traveller learns to cling to the 
trunk routes, and to choose his trains not by maps but by time-tables. 

On the morning of Dec. 8, 1887, the author of this volume got up early enough to take at five 
o'clock the latest train from Barcelona in Spain by which he could catch his steamer home. At Gerona 
he got off for a cup of coffee. When he came back the train had started, and by a Spanish law seldom 
enforced he was seized by the two soldiers on guard and prevented from entering it. The station 
authorities had no French time-tables and could tell him nothing as to trains beyond the frontier. He 
took the next train, a very slow one, and reached the frontier after dark. His ticket called for a change 
of cars, and a route nearly straii;ht N. to Paris. But the train he was on went through to Marseilles,, 
and on gemrnlprviciiil, s h, ~iaiil on it, riding all night, and being the next morning nearly as far from 
Paris as when he started. i;nt he had reached the trunk line and the fast trains, he caught a special 
express that ran three times a week, and he got his steamer. 



Railway Journeys: N. Y. O. & W. 113 

Starting from Oswego (1) and following the river to Fulton (2), the 
road bears off to the e. through Central Square (3), and follows the 
contour of Oneida Lake, passing through Cleveland (4) with its glass- 
works, and Fish Creek (5), a summer resort, and connecting with the 
New York Central and West Shore at Oneida (6) and Oneida Castle. 
It continues s. to Randallsville (7), where it connects for Rome (24) 
and Utica (25) ; and to Earlville (8) where it connects, by a road 
operated by the West Shore, for Syracuse (1). It runs nearly parallel 
with the D. L. & W. to Norwich (9), but crosses the Chenango and 
mounts the hill above Oxford (10), affording a delightful view. 

At Clinton the Rome (24) branch connects with the branch from Utica (25). This 
beaiitiful village is the seat of Hamilton College and of Houghton Seminary. 

Just before reaching Randallsville (7) the road passes through Hamilton, the seat of 
Colgate University. 

At New Berlin Junction (11) it connects with its branch running up the Uuadilla to 
New Berlin, and branching off northeast toEdmeston. 

At Sidney (12) it crosses the D. & H., and curves around to Walton 
(13), on the West Branch of the Delaware, 1220 feet above tide. 

The railway here mounts the hills of the divide between the Delaware and the 
Susquehanna system, which is 1800 feet at the highest point, beyond Franklin. This 
station is four miles from the village, which is delightfully situated in the Ouleout 
"Valley, with water from artesian wells 365 feet deep. The Delaware Literary Institute 
is here. 

From AValton (13) a branch runs up the Branch to Delhi (28), 1458 feet above tide, 
which is becoming a noted summer resort. By a stage ride of 8 miles up the river to 
Bloomville, one may make connection with the Ulster & Delaware R.R. See page 115. 

It now curves to the southwest around the hills, nearly reaching the 
Delaware River at Hancock, and then turns at right angles, and runs 
nearly e. to the Sullivan county line. Through this county it bears 
southeast, passing through Liberty (18), a favorite health resort, 
especially for consumptives ; and at Summitville (19) connecting for 
Ellenville (29), a charming village in the heart of the Shawungunk 
region on the D. & H. Canal. From this point on, see map on page 88. 

From Hancock Junction the Scranton Division runs s. s. w. to Scranton, Pa. 

Before reaching the Sullivan county line, the railway reaches Beaver Kil, a noted 
trout stream, and ascends it, following the bank closely, beyond Parksville, 1582 feet 
above tide. It then crosses the watershed into the Mongaup valley, and crosses the 
Neversink beyond Fallsburgh, and the D. & H. Canal just before reaching Summitville. 
Between Mountain Dale and Summitville the road descends 420 feet in 8 miles, from 
962 to 542 feet above tide. 

The railway at Wurtsboro (compare map on page 92), passes out of the Mamakating Valley, pierces 
the Shawungunk mountains by a tunnel 3S00 feet long, and reaches Bloomingburgh, celebrated by 
Washington Irving in his " Hans Schwartz ". In the colonial period this was a frontier town, and 
suffered much from Indian raids. It is 757 feet above the sea. 

From MiDDLETOWN (20) it runs nearly due e. across the county 
through Campbell Hall (21) to Cornwall (22), whence it turns s. and 
at Weehawken (23) connects with the ferry for New York. 



114 Geography of the Empire State 

9. Harlem Division oJ the K Y. C. & H. R. R.E. 

This road runs through the eastern valley of the watershed of which 
the Hudson river is the western valley, a region in many respects 
more like New England than like the rest of New York. See map on 
page 88. 

Starting from the Grand Central Depot in Now York it runs past 
Bedford Park, wath beautiful Bronx Park oppocite ; on through 
Mount Vernon and past the marble quarries of Tuckahoe to White 
Plains, where the battle of Oct. 28, 1776 was fought. It goes on 
through Kensico, Chappaqua, Mount Kisco, Bedford, and Katonah ; 
has a branch circuit from Golden's Bridge to Brewsters, famed for its 
iron mines, by Lake Mahopac and through Carmel ; passes through 
Patterson and Pawlings in a delightful valley especially charming at 
Amenia ; reaches the junction of three States at Boston Corners, curves 
to the w. at Hillsdale, and to the n. before reaching Philmont ; and 
ends at Chatham. 

Here its connections are by the Boston & Albany to Hudson, and to Albany on the 
w. ; and on the e. through Pittstield, Mass., to Springfield, Worcester and Boston ; and 
by the Lebanon Springs R.R. to Lebanon Springs, and, crossing the Fitchburg at 
Petersburg Junction, to Bennington, Vt. 

From Niverville a road runs to Hudson, passing through the most beautiful part of 
the county, especially near Stuyvesant Falls 

The New York & Northern division of the Central runs between the 
Harlem and the Central, starting at loSth street. New York, and run- 
ning through to Brewsters. It is not shown on the map. 

The three great trunk lines e. are I. the Fitchburg, connecting with 
the West Shore at Rotterdam Junction, and with the Central at Troy, 
and passing through Mechanicsville, Eagle Bridge, and the great 
Hoosac Tunnel, 4| miles long and costing 20 millions, to Fitchburg 
and Boston; II. the Boston & Albany, just spoken of; and III. the 
New York & New Haven, starting from New York and following 
along the shore through New Rochelle and Port Chester. 

10. The Ulster & Delaware R.R. 

This picturesque line starts from Kingston, strikes the Beaver Kil 
at West Hurley, follows it down nearly to its junction with Esopus 
Creek, and then follows up the Creek through Phoenicia, Shandaken 
and Big Indian, to its source near the boundary of the county, crosses 
the watershed at Grand Hotel on the county line, and descends into 
the Delaware system, reaching at Arkville the lowest point on the 
railroad in the county, 1344 feet above tide. The village of Margaret- 
ville is IJ miles from here, and Andes 12 miles. See map on page 88. 

Tlie road now ascends the East Branch of the Delaware to the n., 



Railway Journeys: U. & D. 115 

passing through Roxbuiy. It crosses into the Hudson system again 
as it curves, but regains the Delaware at Stamford, the prettiest village 
in the Catskills, and follows it through Hobart to Bloomville. A 
stage-ride of 8 miles down the river to Delhi connects this road with 
the N. Y. O. & W. (see page 113). 

. From Pha^nicia there is a branch line to Hunter, and to the Catskill :\rmintain House, 

making this a de- 
lightful route by 
which to visit the 
Catskills. Slide 
Mountain, shown 
on page 17 is 
reached by a 
stage-ride of 11 
miles from Big 
Indian. This 
view of Delaware 
County is taken 
from Grand Ho- 
tel, 1886 feet above 
tide water. 

Stamford is al- 
most at the junc- 
tion of three of 
the great river 
systems. It is on 
a branch of the 
Delaware, the 
streams a little 
way w. begin to 
flow into the Sus- 
quehanna, and 
Bear Creek, one 
mile E. empties 
into the Scho- 
harie. 

The following 
elevations in this 
county are given 
in French s Ga- 
zetteer : D e 1 a - 
ware River, at E. 
border 830 ft.; 
junction of two 
branches 922 • 

Hancock 943 ; Hale's Eddy 950 ; Deposit 1004 ; Sidney 1010 ; Franklin 1240 • ArkviUe 
1345 ; Stamford 1765 ; Elk Creek Summit 1859 ; Davenport Centre 1898 • Mt Piso-ah 
near Andes 3400. ' ' ^*' " 

11. Wallkill Valley R.R. 
This starts from Campbell Hall, shown in the map on page 88, and 
follows the Wallkill branch of Rondout Greek. It curves to the north- 




ik; 



GEOGRAniY OF THE EmPIRE StATE 



east at Montgoinerv ; passes tlii'ou^h A\'al(leii, wliere there is manu- 
facture of En oji si i cutlery; Wallkill, wliere ;}(),0(H) quarts of milk a 
(lay are used in summer by the New York (Jondensed Milk Co.; and 
New Ealtz, the site of a State Normal School, and the station for Lake 
Mohonk (see page 41) and Lake Minnewaska ; soon crosses the Wall- 
kill and then bears straight n., crossing the Rondout on an iron 
bridge 150 feet high and 9G0 feet long at Rosendale, noted for its 
cement ; and then turning off to the northeast to Kingston. See map 
on page 88. 

12. The Elmika, C'oktland and Nokthekx R.R. 
Starting from Camden (1), on the R. W. & 0. (see page 99) this 

road strikes s. from McCon- 
nellsville (2), nearing the 
E. shore of Oneida Lake, 
to Canastota (.3), on the 
New York Central ; passes 
through Cazenovia (4) and 
DeRuyter (5) ; and crosses- 
the D. L. & W. at Cortland 
(G), for which see page 109. 
Thence it bears southwest to 
Ithaca (7), for which see 
}>age 109 ; curves around tO' 
the southeast through Caroline (8), and Candoi' (9) : turns w., passing 
through Spencer and Van Ettenville (10), and at Horseheads (11) 
turns s. again to Elmira (12). 

13. The Pennsylvania R.R. 

This great corporation controls a single line across the State, still 
usually referred to as the Northern Central. Striking n. from the 
Susquehanna at Williams})ort, Pa., it runs from Elmira (12) through 
Horseheads (11) and so on through Havana (now^ Montour Falls) to- 
Watkins (13), for which see pages 35, 45. Following up Seneca Lake 
for a few miles, it bears off northwest to Keuka Lake at Penn Yan (14), 
and thence circles around by Stanley (15) to Canandaigua (16), where 
it connects by the New York Central for Rochester. 

From Stanley (15), a branch runs n. through Newark (17), on the 
Central and the West Shore, to Sodus Point (18), thus giving the 
Pennsylvania road a harbor on Lake Ontario. 

14. The Fall Brook Railway 
This road was l)uilt to give the Fall Brook coal mines an outlet in 




Railway Journeys : Miscellaneous 117 

New York. It connects with the New York Central at Lyons (19), 
and rnns s. through Geneva (20), by the w. shore of Seneca Lake, 
to Watkins (13), crossing the Pennsylvania at Hinirods Junction and 
running w. of it. It then bears off southwest to Corning (21), and 
runs s. to its mines at Blossburg, Pa. 

A branch line runs across from Dresden to Penn Yau. 

15. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh R.R. 

This line starts from Rochester (22), curves to the southeast to 
LeRoy (23), and then strikes nearly s. through Warsaw (24) to Silver 
Lake junction (25), when it turns off to the southwest again, through 
Bliss (26) and Machias Junction (27) to Ashford (28), whence it goes 
s. through Ellicottville (29), to Salamanca (30 j and Limestone (31) to 
Bradford. 

From Ashford (28) the Buffalo division runs northwest through 
Springville (33) and Colden (34j to Buffalo (35). 

16. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R.R. 

This finely equipped western route follows the shore of Lake Erie 
from Buffalo (35j through Angola (36), Silver Creek (37), Dunkirk (38), 
and Westfield (39), through Erie, Pa., (40) and so on to Chicago 
through Cleveland and Toledo. 

17. The New York, Chicago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate) R.R. 

This road runs parallel with the Lake Shore through New York, 
with a connection at Westfield (39) for Mayfield and Chautauqua 
Lake. 

18. The Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburgh R.R. 

This road, leased by the New York Central, starts s. from Dunkirk 
(38), passes through Fredonia (see page 98), and Lily Dale, by the 
beautiful Cassadaga Lake (41), and through Sinclairville (42), crosses 
the Erie at Falconer (43), and after passing through Frewsburgh cresses 
the State line beyond Fentonville, and terminates at Titusville, Pa. 

19. The Long Island R.R. 

This road now controls all the railways on the island, and is suf- 
ficiently shown in the map on the following page. The distance from 
New York to Greenport is 94 miles ; to Sag HarlDor 100 miles. 

For what is said of the towns on Long Island see pages 59, 60. For 
the new bridge that will connect the Long Island railway with New 
York see pages 51, 62. The summer traffic of some of these lines 
nearest New York is enormous, as the southern coast of the island 



118 



Geography of the Eisipire State 



gives the inhabitants of New York and its adjoining cities dehghtful 
sea air and bathing within a few minutes' ride. 




INDEX 



NDEX 



Abrevlytions.— 6. bay ; c. city ; co. couuty ; cr. creek ; ff. gulf ; A. hill ; 
tain; wfc. mountuins ; r. river; s. State ; t. town; v. village. Kaik 



island ; l. lake ; mt. moun- 
indieate illusti-ations. 



academies 109 

Adams V 99 

& Co. map 3 

Addison Junction 103 

Adirondack mts.3. 9, 12, IS, 19, 37, 

37, 3S, 30, 66, 67, lOO, 101, 103, 
103. 

r\v 37 

& St. Lawrence rw ICO 

Afton V 107 

airriculture 67,79,81, lOU 

Akron v 06,78 

Alabama t 45, 57 

Albany c . .2U, 33, 43, 66, 70, 75, 77, 

83, Si, 83, Sfi, 105, 114 

CO 17, 5J C8 

&Sus.rw.... 101 

Albion V OS, 72. 78,70 

Alexander v 97, llo 

Alfred Centre v 74 

Allegany co.l9, 32, 59, GG, G8, GO, 97 

Alleghany " mtV.is, 15,i7,'i9.'82 ' s:: 

r 16,32,70,82,97,111 

Allentown, Pa. c 110 

alluvial hills ;.v 

Amenia v 114 

Amsterdam c 70, 85 

Anandale v 74 

Andes V 114,115 

Andover v 97 

Angelica v 19,111 

Angola T 111,117 

animals G7 

Antwerp v 100 

Appalachian mts IG 

approximate distances n 

aquarium 93 

arbor vitae 67 

Arcade v Ill 

Argyle v G8 

Arkville v 114, 115 

Arthur Kil 60 

Ash 67 

Ashford v 117 

Athens v 85 

Atlanta v 9G, lo9 

Atlantic Ocean... 10, 13, 15, 16, 118 

Attica V 97 

Auburn c 70, 70, 79, 81, 110 

Roadrw 13,79,81,110 

Aurora v 74,110 

Ausable Chasm. . .9, 27, 49, J6», 101 

Au Sable r 27, 49, 50, 101 

Foi-ks V ,101 

average height IG, 1 13 

Avoca v 96 

Avon V 57,96 



Cainbridge v 

Baldwinsville v 

Ballston Spa v 

balsam . . . ; 

Baltimore, Md. c 

Barcelona, Spain, e. . 

Basin mt 

IJatavia v. . ..65, 72. 76, 

Bath V OS, 

Battery Park 

Bear cr 

Beaver i 



)7, 68, 10 



rs, 97, 
re, 96. 

.61,0, 



PAGE 

Beaver Kil 113, 114 

Beck's Keport 56, 57 

Bedford v 76,114 

Park V 114 

Bedloes i 60,9.2 

Belfast V Ill 

Belmont v 68 

Belvidere v 97 

Bemus Heights v ! 103 

Bennington, Vt. c 114 

Bergen v 78 

Big Indian v 114, 115 

Binghamton c. .11, 70, 76, 96, 101, 
107 

birds 67 

I31ack 1 37 

r 25,44, >iy,99 

Rock V ...43 

Blackwell's i oi,i:i 

i.liss v 117 

Bloods V iiG 

liloomingburgh v il3 

Bln.miville v 113, 115 

I'.lMssl.urg, Pa. V 96, 117 

Blue ,Alt 1 .17 

Blue llidge mts 16,17 

bluestone 66 

Bolivar v ill 

Bombay v ico 

Boonville v 41 

Boston, Mass. c 1 14 

& A. rw 13, .'■5, 114 

Corners v 89.114 

boulders 34, 59 

bi'uudaries 1, ]0 

Bonlcanx, France c 11 

Bradt. .rd. Pa. c 98, 111, 117 

Bnuichpdrt v 54 

Brewertcin v 99 

Brewsters v 89,114 

bridges. .39, 60, 61, 83, S7, 93, 93, OS, 

116 

Bridgewater v 1C9 

Broad Top mt 17 

Brockport v 75, 78, 79 

Brockton v Ill 

Bronx Park 114 

Brookhaven v 60,70 

Brooklyn c... .60, /7?, 74, 9.2, 117 

bridge 30, 60, 61, 03, 93 

Broome co 19,57,6^ 

Buckhorn i G3 

Buffalo c. .2, 11, 42, 43, 60, 70, 74- 

77, 79,97, 119-11), 116,117 

R. & P. rw 21,111,117 

Burdett v no 

Burr, Aaron 113 

Buttermilk cr 4^ 

— - Falls 4^ 

Byram v 10 



Caldwell v 

California s 

Cambridge v 

Camden v 

Campbell Hall v. 
Canaan 



68 

66 

.. .103 
.99,116 
113, 115 
.89 



Canada. . ..10, 15, 31, 49, 63, 67. loO 

Canadice 1 24,34 

canals 13,42-44 

(121) 



PAGE 

canals Black River...Z;2, 13, U3, 44, 
49, 81, 99 

Cayuga & Seneca U3 

Champlain . . 13, 13, US, 44, 85, 

103 

Delaware & H...9J, 101, 113 

Erie . . J:2, 13, 27, U3, 44, 78, 79, 

81,85 

Genesee Valley Ill 

Oswego i.5, 81,99 

Canandaigua 1 24, 34, 37 

v 63,72,78,79,81,116 

Outlet cr 24 

Canastota v 81,116 

Canderago 1 13, Ji, 42, ^'ii, 59 

Candor v 109,116 

Canisteo v 97 

cantilever bridge 31, 7S, OS 

Canton v 68,74,100 

Cape Mncent v 3J, 99 

Carbondale, Pa. c 95, 107 

Carleton i 03 

Carmel v 68, '74,'il4 

Caroline v 109, 116 

carriages 109 

Carthage v 44, 49, 99 

Cascadilla cr 48 

Cassadaga 1 117 

Castle Garden 93 

^^■illiam 60 

Castletun, Vt. v 103 

catamnunt Pond 37 

Catskill mts. . 9, 13, lU, 17, 55, 85, 

1U3, 1 15 

Mt. House 115 

V 68,72,85 

Cattaraugus CO..II, 19,32,59,66, 

68, 69, 98 

cr 20,21,70,97 

Cayuga co 24, 68 

1. -24,34,3^,37,43,48,109, 110 

rw 81 

V 81, 110 

Cazenovia 1 36 

V liG 

cement 85, 116 

centennial celebrations 82, bo, 

103, 10-3, 107 
Central Bridge v li 5 

N. Y. & W. rw Ill 

Park 91 

Sipiare v 99,113 

^ t. rw luo, 103 

Chaniphiin 1. . 1, 2, 10, 11. n, 13, 

ly, 27, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, G3, 100. 

101 

Chapinville v 114 

Chappaqua v 57,'ll4 

cliaritalile institutions 3, 76 

Charlotte v 98 

Chateaugay v 57, 100 

rw 100 

Chatham v 114 

Chautauqua co 11.20 32,68 

1 .-.42,98,111, 11,- 

Cluizy r 17 

V ■.'.lul 

Chemung co 68 

-— !■ 3.',96 

Chenango co 68 



122 



Geography of the E.mpike State 



Chenango r 32, 109, 113 

Forks V 1-9 

Cherry Creek v 08 

cherry trees 67 

Cherry Valley v 57. 105, 107 

Chesapeake b 16, 42, 82, 109 

Chicago, 111. c 117 

Childwold 37 

Chili 11 

Station v 78 

Chittenango Springs 57 

Cincinnati, O. c 10 

cities.... 70 

clarkstown v 08 

clay 27 

Clayton v lou 

Cleveland v 1J3 

O. e 117 

Clifton Springs v 57, 8 1 

climate GG 

Clinton co 08 

mt 19 

V 74, 113 

Clintonville v 101 

Clyde r 24, 43 

V 81 

coal 77, 107,110, IIG 

Cobleskill v 105 

Coeyraans v 85 

Cohocton V 32, 96 

(.^ohoes c 27, 44, 70, 85, 105 

Colden mt ...19 

V 117 

colleges . . 74 

College Point v 72.118 

Columbia co G6, 68 

r ..; 15 

Springs 57 

Colvin mt .19 

, Yerplanck 3,19 

Como 1 40 

commerce. .9, 13, 33, 35, 42, 60, 77, 

85,97 

condensed milk 116 

Conesus cr 23 

- 1 24,33,96 

V 96 

Conewango r 32,98 

Connecticut s 10, 11, 69, 89 

Coney i 60, 118 

Constantinople, Turkey 11 

consumptives 113 

Cooper's novels. . .40, 42, 51, 65, 89 

Cooperstown v 68, 105 

Copake v 89 

Corinth v 103 

Corning c. 70,96,109,117 

corn-starch 99 

Cornwall v 113 

Corry, Pa. c 98, 111 

Cortland co 68 

V 68,72,75,109.116 

counties 2,6i,C9 

Coxsackie v 85 

Cranberry 1 37 

Cross 1 36 

Crot(m r 41 

Crown Point v loS 

Cuba V 97,111 

cut glass 96 

cutlery 116 

dairy products 83, 93 

Dana's Geological Story 64 

Danbury, Ct. c 89 

Dannemora v 76,100 

Dansville v 96, lOS, 109 

Davenport Centre v 115 

Dayton v 97,98 

De Costa's Lake George 40, 51 

Deep Rock Spring 57 

DeKalb v 100 

Delaware b 16 

CO 17.19.31.68,107,7/5 

r 10, 11,16, 17. .JO, 93,55, 

113, 114,115 

sys....20, 31, 93, 113,114,115 

&H. canal 113 

& H. rw 11,27,85.101- 

107, 113 



P.\GE 

Delaware L. & W. rw.2, 11, 107- 
110,113,116 

Delhi V 68, 113, 115 

Dep't Public Instruction 73 

J)cp()sit V 95,115 

DeUuyter v 116 

Devil's Oven 24 

Dickens's Am. Notes 63 

divides 109, 113, 114 

Dix mt 19 

Dobbs Ferry v 91 

dogwood 67 

Dolgeville v .83 

Dresden v 117 

drift deposits 34, 7'J 

Dryden v 110 

Duck i 03 

Dunkirk c 70,93,97,111,117 

A. V. &P. rw 98,117 

Durham's Carleton Island G3 

Dutchess co 16,68 

Dyke cr 97 

Eagle 1 37 

Bridge v 103, 114 

Falls V 85 

Earlville v 109, 113 

East r S9. 61, 62,03,93 

bridge 29,60,61, 9'2, 93 

Aurora v Ill 

Cayuga v 43 

Eastman's History 1 

Ecuador 11 

Edgewater v 72 

Edraeston v 113 

education 73 

electrical machinery 85 

elevations 16, 113 

Elizabethtown v 68, 103 

Elk cr 115 

Ellenburgh v 100 

EUenville v 113 

Ellicottville v 117 

Ellis i 60, 01, 93 

elms 67 

Elmira c. 11, 70, 74, 76, 96, 109, 110 

C. &N. rw 99,116 

Emporium, Pa. c Ill 

England 10 

equator 10 

Erie co 63, 68 

1 10, 11, 20, 22, ^;7, 33,42. 

70, 77, 82, 89, .-z-', 97, 117 

rw.... 93-98, 109, 110,111, 117 

Pa,c 117 

Esopus cr 114 



Fair Haven v . .110 

Fairport v 78,81 

Falconer v 117 

Fall cr 48 

Brook rw 96, 116 

Fallsburgh v 113 

Fentonville v 117 

ferns 67 

Fire i 59 

Fish cr 42 

Fi.<h Creek v 113 

fisheries 67 

fishes G7 

Fisher's 1 59 

Fisherville 110 

Fishkill V 89 

Fitchburg, Mass. c 114 

rw 85, 103,114 

flagstone 66,85 

Flatbush v GO 

flora 67 

Florida v UJ, 93 

flour 99, 109 

flowers 67, 78 

Flushing v 60,72, 118 

Fonda v 63 

Fordham 74, 7(> 

Forestville v 97 

Fort Ann v 42,103 

Edward v. . . .27, 42, 44, 103 

Niagara SI 

Ontario 98 



PAGE 

Fort Schoharie 105 

Stanwix 83 

Ticonderoga 40 

William Henrv 40 

Fourth Lake .37 

Fox r 15 

Frankfort v 83 

Franklin co ...68 

v 11.3, 115 

Franklinville v 19, 1 11 

Fredfmia v 59, 75, 98, 117 

French mt 40 

Pond 42 

French's Gazetteer 3, 115 

Frewsburgh v 117 

Friendship v 97 

Fulton CO 68 

v 25, 48, 72, 99, 109, 1 13 

Lakes 37,100 

Fultonville v 53 



Gale's V. 



Garden City v. 
Gardiner's b... 



.60 



Garrison v — 90 

Gasport v 59 

general outlines 13 

topography .13 

Genesee co 57, 68 

P'alls «4 

r . . 20, 2,!, X' '„ 33-, 43, 78, 82, 96, 

97,98, J(«, 109, 110, 111 

Valley Canal ill 

Geneseo v 68, 75 

Geneva v. . .43, 72, 74, 79, 81, 110, 

117 
geological formations. 64-f,6 ; also 
17. 20, 24, 27, 35, 40, 48, 50, 51, 
59. 65, 66, 70 

survey 3 

George 1 . . 12, 13, 27, UO, 50, 1. 1 , 103 

Georgia s 82 

Gerona, Spain, c 112 

Giant of the Valley mt 19 

glacial drifts 59 

glass 113 

Glen Cove b 59 

Haven v 36 

Glens Falls v.. 2, 40,44, 5i, 66, 72, 

103 

Gloversville c 70, 83 

gloves 83 

gneiss 51 

(ioat i 24,03 

Golden's Bridge v 114 

Gordon's Gazetteer 1 

Goshen v 68, iy;.-', 93 

Gothic mt 19 

Gouverneur v 66,100 

Governor's i 60, 67, 92, 93 

grain 67, 85 

Grand Central Depot 91, 114 

Hotel 114 

i 62,63 

Trunk rw 78,100 

granite 66 

Grant, U.S 103 

Granville v 103 

graphite 66 

Grasse r 25, 37 

Gray Peak mt 19 

Great South Bay 59 

Greece 107 

Green b .15 

Island V 72,106 

1 42,109 

m 17 

Greenbush v 72 

Greene co 17, 68 



Greenwich v K3 

Greigsville v 110 

Grenadier i 63' 

G reyct mrt v V2. 93 

Grindstone i 63 

Groton V HO 

guns 83 

Guymard Si, 57 



Index 



12; 



PAGE 

gypsum 66 

Hadley v 103 

Hale's Eddy v 115 

Hall, James 4, 16, 64, 65, 66 

Hamburg v 98 

Hamilton co 68,100 

V 74, 113 

Hammondville 103 

Haminoudsport sr,, 96 

Hancock v 95,113,115 

■ Junction 113 

harbors 33, 116 

Harlem rw 13,91,114 

r S9,61, 91 

Harrisburg, Pa. c HI 

Hartford, Ct. c 89 

- — ■ &C. W. rw 89 

Hartwick Seminary v 105 

Hathorn Spring 56 

Havana (now Montour i'allrs) y 

Glen 35,^7 

Haverstravv b -9, 91 

V 72, 91 

Hawks Nest Rocks 05 

Haystack mt 19 

Tiealth resorts. 37, 39, 56-59,85, 113 

Hector Falls 47 

Helderberg ruts 17 

limestone 85 

Hell Gate 29 

Hellibark mts 1' 

Hemlock 1 24,33,34 

Hempstead v 60, 72, 118 

Hendrick's History. .42, 82, 85. 101, 

103, 105. 107 
Herkimer co 19,68 

V 68,83,100 

Heuvelton v ICO 

hickory ^ 67 

High Bridge 20 

Falls 44, 49, 56 

Highland v 89 

Higlilands mts.. 13, 13, i',, IG. 17, 

27, 29, 90 

Hillsdale v 114 

Hinsdale v 97, 111 

Hobart v 114 

Holland V HI 

Homer v 109 

Honeoye or 23 

Falls V 78 

1 24,33,34 

Honesdale, Pa, c 95 

honey locust 67 

Hoosac Tunnel 114 

Hoosick Falls 72, 85 

Hough's Gazetteer. . .' 3 

1000 Islands 63 

Hopewell Junction 89 

hops 81,109 

JHoricon 1 W 

Hornellsville c 70,97,111 

Horseheads v 96, 116 

Houghton Seminary 113 

Howe's Cave.. 2, 9, 54, .';,;, 105, 107 

Hoytville, Pa. v 96 

Hudson C 57,70,76,85,114 

r....l, 9,10,11,73,13,14, 13, 

16, 17, 19, 27, 3S, 29, 42, 43, 44, 
51, 61, 82, 83, 85, S6, S7, S8, 90, 
VI, 92, 103, 105. 114 

sys. .4, 20, 27, 41, 93, 100, 103, 

115 

Huguenot V 93 

Hump mt 19 

Hunter v 115 

Huntington b 59 

V 60 

Ida mt 105 

Ilion V 72, 83 

Indian Pass 49 

Report 70 

Reservations 3, 6r\ 82, 97 

r 25,48 

Indians 113 



PAGE 

industries 9, 71 

agriculture 07,79, 81, 109 

bluestone 06 

carriages 109 

cement 85, 116 

coal 77, 107.110, 116 

commerce. . .9, 13, 33, 35, 42, 
60, 77, 85, 97 

condensed milk 116 

corn-starch 99 

cut-glass 96 

cutlery 116 

dairy products. . . .19, 83. 93 

electrical machinery 85 

fisheries 67 

flagstone 85 

flour 78,99, 109 

flowers 78 

glass 81,96,113 

gloves 83 

grain 78, 85 

granite 66 

graphite 66 

grazing 19, 79 

guns 83 

gypisum 66 

hops 81, 109 

India rubber 60 

iron....25,27,66, 85,103. 114 

lime 85 

limestone 66, 85 

live-stock 77 

locomotives 97 

lumber 77, 79, 85,103 

niarlilc 06 

millstones 66 

mineral waters 56-.5?, 06 

mowing-machines 81 

natural gas 59, 66, 98 

ovsters 59, 60 

paper 103 

pei)permint oil 81 

l)etroleum 59, 66 

quarries 66 

reapers 81 

salt 36, .50,61), 110 

sandstone 66 

silk 60, 91, 103 

slate 66 

tooth-picks 97 

type-writers 83 

vineyards 34 

iron 25, 27, 66, 85, 103, 114 

Irondequoit cr 43 

Irving, vVashington 91, 113 

Irvington v 91 

Ischua cr 97, 111 

islands 59-63 

Ithaca c. . .35, iS, 70, 74, 109, 110, 

lie 

Falls 1,8 

Jamaica v 00, 68, 72, 75. 118 

Jamestown c 70, 97, 98 

Jansen's cr 29 

Jefferson co 44, 49, 68 

Jersey City, N. J. c 92,93 

Johnsonburgh, Pa. v 98 

Johnsonville v 103 

Johnstown v 68,72,83 

Kaaterskill Falls 55 

Kanona v 96 

Katonah v 114 

Kendall v 98 

Kennedy v 98 

Kensico v 114 

Keuka College v 74 

1 34,37,96,116 

KilVanKull cr 60 

Kings co 68 

Kingsbury t 42 

Kingston c 66, 70, 95, 114, 116 

, Ont. c 63 

Klttatinny mts 17 

Lacedaemon, Greece 107 

Lachine Rapids 26 

Lackawaxen, Pa. c 95 

lakes 33-44 



PAGE 

Lakes. & M.S. rw 78,117 

Tear mt 19 

La Motte i 62 

Lancaster v 97 

Lansingburgh v 72 

Lansing Kil cr 44 

larch 67 

Laurel Hill mt 17 

Lebanon Springs v 57,119 

rw 114 

Lehigh Valley rw 81, 98, 110 

Leicester Junction, Vt 103 

LeRoy v 78,97.117 

Lewis CO 48,68 

Lewiston v 33, 72, 98 

Liberty v 113 

Lily Dale 117 

lime 85 

limestone 24, 48,51, 66, 79, 85 

Limestone v 117 

Lippincott's Gazetteer 4 

liriodendron 67 

Little Connewango cr 98 

Falls v.. .15,19,27,53,53, 

72, 83 

1 42 

Sodus b 33 

Valley v 68,97 

live stock 07, 85 

Livingston co 23, 68 

Lockport c U3, 70, 78, 79, 97 

locomotives 97 

Lodi Falls 47 

London, England c 91,93 

Long Island.. 10, 11, 20, 59. 06, 117 
Long Island City. . . .60, 62,70, 117 

Lonj; Island rw 81,117 

Long Island Sound. . .10, 13, 29, 59 

Long 1 4 

Long Sault Rapids 26 

Loon 1 ICO 

Lossing's Field Book 63 

Lowville V '. ... 68 

lumber 67, 77, 79, 85, 103 

Luzerne Falls 51 

mts 27 

V 51,103 

Londonville v 98 

Lyon Falls 44.49 

Lyons V 43,68,72,79,117 



McConnellsville v 116 

McGee'smap 3 

McGregor mt 103 

Mclntyre mt 19.49 

Machias v 111,117 

Macomb mt 19 

Jladison co 68,70 

Madrid, Spain c 11 

Springs 100 

V 100 

magnolia ■ 67 

IMahopac 1 ;',, 41, 114 

Malone v 68,72,76,100 

MamakatingVallev 113 

Manhattan i 29, 60, 61, 91, 92 

Manhus v 66 

manufactures. 3, 9, 23, 25, 27, 43, 71 

See industi-ies. 

maple.. 67 

maps of the State 3, 37 

ISIarathon v 109 

marble 66,114 

:Marcy mt 9, 19 

IMaruaretville v 114 

]SIarseilles, France, c 112 

Massachusetts s. .10, 11, 17, 83, 89 

Massawepie 1 s: 

Massena Springs v 57. 100 

Mather's Geography 1 

Matteawan mts 16 

V 72,76,89 

Mauch Chunk, Pa v 110 

Mayfield v 117 

Mayville v 68,111 

Meadville, Pa c 98 

Mechanicsville v. 85, 103. 105. 114 
Medina v 17,66,72,78,79 

sandstone 17,24 

Men-ill's map 4 



124 



Geography of the Empire State 



PA«E 

Metropolitan Art Museum . . .91 
Mexico a: 13. 16, 42, H2 

V... 99 

Michigan s 57 

('.■iirnil rw 78, 9S 

Middh'luiruh v 105 

Middlftowu c. ..IG, 70, VJ, 93, 113 

Millfrto.i V 89 

inillstoiu-s 66 

mineral .spriiiiis 3, 56-59. 66. 97 

Mineville v 103 

Mimit^waskii 1 14,41,89.11.) 

Mississii)])! r 13. 15, 82 

Moliawk r. . J.'. 13, Ih, 15, 16, 19. 

27, 42, 43, 44, 51, 52, 82, 83, 85 

Mulionlv "l ;;..'.'." .'.iV.V/,'89,"i](; 

Moira v 100 

Mougaup r 31, 113 

Monroe co 24,68 

Montauli Point 60, 70 

Montezuma v 57 

Marslies 35 

Montsromery co 19, 61, 68, 83 

V 92.93,116 

Monticello v 68.92.93 

Montour Falls (see Havana). . .116 

Montpelier, Vt. c 100 

Montreal, Ont. o 15, 63 

monuments 82 

Cherry Valley 107 

(.)riskany . .. S2 

Saratoga lO-i 

Mooers v 100, 101 

Moravia v 110 

Moriah v 66, 103 

Moriches v 66 

Morningside Park m 

Morristown v 100 

Morrisville v 68 

Morse's Geography 50 

Moscow, Kussia Jc 112 

Moss 1 37 

Mountain Dale 113 

mountains. . ;.f, 13, Ih, 16-20, 27, 3H, 

.V.I. 40, 42, 66, 67, 82, 83, 90, 91, 

93. 100, 101, 103 

Mountain Ridge 16 

Mount Kisco v 1 14 

Morris v 96,110,111 

Vernon c 70, 114 

Mud cr 27 

Museum of Natural History.- .91 

Napanock v 76 

iNaples, Italy, o H 

Narrowsburg v 95 

natural bridges 9, 48, 50 

natural gas 59, 66. 98 

Natural History of N. Y. ..3, 4, 47 

Navy i 63 

Neversink v. .■'in, £!J, 57, 93, .9/,. 113 
Newark v 76,116 

Vallev V 110 

New lierliii v 113 

Berlin Junction 113 

Brighton v 72 

Newburgh c ~'S, 70, ,s;/, 93 

U. & C. rw 89 

New England 15, 79, 98, 114 

Hampshire s 67 

Jersey s.lO. 16, SO, 31, 85, 93 

Midland rw 93 

Orleans, La. c 16 

Paltz V 75,89,110 

Rochelle v 72,114 

York Bav 10, 13. 1,t 

C. & H. K. rw. .11. 13, 

77-93. 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 
110,112, 113, 114, 116,117. 

& Canada rw 100 

& N. K. rw K9 

&N. H.rw 91 114 

&N. rw 114 

C. & St. L.rw... 7.S, 117 

L. E. & W. rw . . 23, 89, ;/ .', 93- 

98,109,110, 111. 117 

O. & \\. rw 93. 90. 107, 

112, 115 



PAGE 

New York City. . .2. 11, 61, 66, 70, 
74-77, 83, 85, 91, 'J2, 107, 113, 
117 

York CO 20, 68 

York Harbor 13, 16 

Niagara co 59.68 

- Falls c 9, 11, ?i--' ., 44, 

74, 7S, 79, 82,97, .''S 1'^" 

lime.st(me I'l, .;i 

• r . . 10, 15, 16, 20, 2i, 22, -': i, 2j 

Nicholas I V.'l02 

Nickel Plate rw 78,117 

Nineveh v 107 

Xippic-Pup mt 19 

y.\^.■v^■^\U■ V 114 

iM.nii.-il M |i,H,ls 7r, 

Nui-iii.iiis Kil cr •-'9 

North Creek v 1"3 

Hempstead 60 

Hero i 62 

Pole 10 

Woods «, 3'.) 

Northrup's Camps and Tramps. 39 
North Tonawanda.43. 72, 77, 79, 97 
Northern Adirondack rw ... 100 

Central rw 116 

Norwich v 68,72,109,113 

Norwood V 100 

Nova Scotia ■ 82 

Novgorod, Russia c 112 

Nunda v 97, 111 

Nyack v 72, 91, O.'i 

Oak Orchard cr 20 

oaks 67 

Odessa v Ho 

Ogdensburg c 70, 76, 99 

Ohio s 16 

sys 20, 32. 42, 97 

Oil City, Pa. c Hi 

Springer 97 

Olean c 70,97, HI 



cr. 



Oneida Castle v. 113 

CO 10, 15, 68, 7u 

I.i2, 24. .36, 37,42, 99,113, 116 

r 24, 25 

v 72, 81, 113 

Oneonta 72, 75, Km. 107 

Ontario co 24,59,68 

1.2, 10, 15, 16. 19, 20, 23, 24, 

25, 33, 35, 36 57, 63, (jf,, 98, 116 

• V 98 

Onondaga co 42, 68. 69, 82 

■ cr 42,43,109 

1 24,36,37,42,56,81,102 

Valley v 81 

Orange co 16, 17, l8, 89 

Orchard Park 70 

Oriskany monument 8 2 

V 82 

Orleans co 68 

Os wegatchie r 25 

Oswego c... 15, 25, .33, 43. 57, 70. 

75, 98, 107, 113 

• CO 08 

• Falls V 42, 48,109 

r 24, 2.:,, 34, 4i, 43, 48, 

98. 109 

Otisco 1 34, 36 

Otsego co 19,68 

1 12, Ih, 31. U2, 5S. 59 

Otselir r 113 

(,tsuai-;ii;'e Cavern ;>i. 55 

oiiN-.ml .T 113 

"Utliiir maps 2 

ovid V 68.76,110 

Owasco 1 24,36,37, 110 

Owego V 68, 72. 96, 109, lio 

Oxford V 109, li;! 

oysters .59,60 

Oyster Bay v 59, 60 

Pacific coast 15 

Painted Post v P6 

Palatine Bridge v S3 

Palisades mts. .... 12, 13, Ih, 27, 91 

Palmyra v ;;/, 81 

paper-making 103 



PAGE 

Paradox 1 51 

Paris, France c 91,112 

Parksville v 113 

Patch, Sam 24 

Patterson v H* 

Paul Smith's 100 

I'avilion V 110 

l'a\vliiigs V .114 

l'r.u„ic b 60 

P.Mkskill V 72,90 

Peiinsvlvania s. .1,10,17,19,23, 

.ill'. Si, 32, 59, 70, 93, 95, 96, 98, 

107. Ill, 116, 117 

rw 98,116, 117 

P. & B. rw 93 

Penn Yan v . . .34, 68, 72, 116, 117 

Pepacton r 17, 31 

pepperidge . 67 

Perry v 97 

Petersburg Junction 114 

petroleum 59,66 

Philadelphia, Pa. c 1, 16, 111 

R. & N. E. rw «7, 89 

V 100 

Philmont v 114 

Phoenicia v 114,115 

Phoenix 99 

Piennont v 93 

pines 67 

Plains V.' .'.■.■.'.'.'.".' '.■;.".'. 8!> 

Pi.-.ah ml Ill 

l'itrv|,ur.i;li. Pa. C 111,1175 

I'irtstield, Mass c 14 

Placid 1 as, 100, 101 

plants 67 

Platter Kil cr ...72 

Plattsburgh v. . . .2, 66, 68, 72, 75, 
100, 101 

Plum i 60 

Poestenkill v 55, 105 

P' >plar 67 

Portage v Ill 

Falls 2c!, 97, 111 

Portageville v 23, 97, 111 

Port Chester v 72, 114 

Genesee 33 

Hem-y v 103 

Jervis v 30, 72, 92, 93 

Kent V 101 

Richmond v 72 

Portville v Ill 

position.. 10 

Potsdam v 66, 75, 100 

sandstone 50. 65, 66, 100 

Poughkeepsie c . .70, 74, 76, 87, 89 

In-idge 87 

& E rw 8,0 

II. & B. rw 89 

Puultnev r 10,11,27 

Prattsburgh v 96 

Preseott, Ontario c 100 

primary rocks 20,40 

pi-oductions 66 

Prince Ed ward i 63 

Pulaski V 68, 90 

Putnam co 16.68 

quarantine 60 

quarries 66 

Quebec, Canada c 15 

Queens co 68 

Quito. Ecuador 11 

Racket 1 4,37 

r 25, 100 

Ragged mt. 10 

raihvav journeys 77-118 

raihvaVs 112 

l.'aiiiap" nits 16 

l.'aii'lvV NhXallymap 4 

r;.aii.lair- i 62 

l;aii.lalN\ille V 113 

i;,iiidMii,ii V 98 



.19 



l;c(lliel(l nir 

Red House v 98 

Regents 1,4,73 

Rensselaer co 66,68 

& Sar. rw 101 

Falls V 49, 100 



Index 



125 



PAGE 

Eliiiie V 17,34 

Kliiiieeliff 85, 89 

Rliode Islaiifl 10.59 

Kichfield .1 unction 11)9 

Sprhms 42,57, 109 

Kifhland v 99 

Kichmond co (i8 

■ V 68 

Eivevhead v 60,68 

river systems ~'o 

Rochester c . .1, iih, 33, 43. 66, 70, 

74. 76, 78, 96, 98, 110, 111, 116, 
117 

Junction 110 

Rockland co 16,68 

Rocky mts 15,42 

Rome c to, 42, 44, 70, 76, 81. 

82, 99, 100, 113 

W. &0. rw 13,98-100 

Rondout c 66,85,95 

er 2.9, 41, £6, 115, 116 

Ronkorikoma 1 59 

Rosendale v 116 

Rotterdam Junction v. . . .57, 83. 

85, 114 

Rowlin's Pond 100 

Roxbury v 115 

Rutland, Vt. c 103 



Sackett's Harbor v . ..33,99 

Sacondajja r 27,51,103 

Saddle mt 19 

Sageville v 68 

St. Albans. Vt c 100 

Lawrence co. 66,68 

K 42,82,109 

r. .10. n, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 25. 

26, 63, 98, 100 

sys ....20, 33, 37, 97, 100, 1 09 

Petersburg. Russia C...112 

Regis r.. 25,100 

V 69 

Sacrament I hO 

Salamanca 97,117 

Salem v 103 

Salmon r No. 1 . .25, 99 ; No. 2. 

25, 100 

salt 56,66,11(1 

Salt Springsville v 57 

sandstone . . . .17, 24, 50, 65, 66, 100 

Santanoni mt 19 

Santiago. Chili 11 

Saranac Falls- 49 

Inn 100 

1 37.39,100 

r 27,49, 101 

Saratoga co 68 

--— 1 103 

- Springs v.... 11, 57, 85, 103 

S;in-crtics v 72 

S.-li.i-hli.M.kf V 85 

SrluMi.'ctadv (/..43, 70, 74,85, 103 

CO 68 

Schenevus cr 105 

V 105 

Schoharie co 17,19,68 

cr 27, 105 

V 68,105 

Schroon 1 27, 51 

• r 27 

Schuyler co 68 

Schuyler's 1 42 

Schuvlerville v 44, lUS 

Scotland 89 

Seranton, Pa. c 107, 113 

Seneca co 68, 110 

Falls V.24, 25, 35. 36, 43. 48 

1 24,34,3.5,37,43,47,81. 

11(1, 117 

r 48, 72, 81, 109, 110 

Seward mt 19 

Seymour. Horatio 3, 9,21, 82 

Sharon Springs 57, 105 

Shandaken v 114 

Shawangunk mts.. 17, ii2, 93, 113 

Shelter i 60- 

Sherman v Ill 

Shinnecock v 69 

Shortsville v 110 

Sidney v 107,113,115 



PAGE 

Silver Creek v 117 

1 33, 97,117 

Lake Junction 117 

Springs 97 

Siiiclairville v 117 

Sing .sing 72, 76, 91 

Six Mile cr 48 

Skaneateles 1 34, i'«, 37, 81 

V 81 

Skylight mt 19 

Slaterville v 57 

Slide mt .• 17, 115 

Smithtown b 59 

snakes 67 

Sodus b 33 

Point 116 

V 98 

Southampton v 60 

Southern Central rw 81 

Southold V 60 

Spaftord's Gazetteer 1 

Sparta 107 

Spencer v ll<! 

Springfield, Mass. c 114 

Springville v 117 

spruce 67 



ruct 



Spuyten Duy vil cr 29. 91 

Stamford v 115 

Stanley v 116 

stapleton v 72 

State examinations 2 

library 73 

survey 3 

Staten Island 10, 11, 60 

Island Sound (10 

Statue of Liberty 60, v.i 

steamers 109 

Sterling v 98 

Steuben co 11,32,68 

Stewart, A. T 60 

Stoddard, S. R 2 

Stone Bridge cr 50 

Stony i ti3 

Stuyvesant Falls v 1J4 

Suftern v ,v:.', 93 

Suffolk CO 08, 70 

Sullivan co 17,31,68,113 

Summit V 109 

Summitville v 113 

Sumiyside ,'/i 

Suspension Bridge 21, 22 

Susquehanna, Pa. c 95 

r 10, 82, 96, 105. 107, 110, 

116 

sys 20, 31, 42, 95, 97, 105, 

113, 115 

Swains v Ill 

sycamore 67 

Syracuse c. .,11, 43, 56, 66, 70, 74, 
76,80,81,83,99,107,109, IK: 

& Oswego rw W.i 



Taghanic mt 16 

Tappan b 29, 90 

'I'arrytown v 91 I 

Taughannock Falls 1,7, 110 | 

'I'awahus mt 19 

Tear-of-clouds 1 37 

teiracfs 16,19 



.10 



1(1(1 



(is. 



'rhcicsa 
'riiousaii 

Thivc liivcr Point v.:...' ::, 

'i'iconderoga v 40, 50 

Tioga CO 32, 68 

r 32,96,97 

Tioughnioga cr 32, 42 

r 109 

Titusville, Pa. c Ill, 117 

Toledo. O. c 117 

Tompkins co 68 

Tonawanda cr 20, 43, 79 

Falls 45 

indians 69 

• V 43,72,77,79,97 

topography 13 



PAGE 

Toronto, Ont. c 98 

Torrey's Report 67 

Towauda, Pa. v 110 

trees 67 

Trent(m Falls 9, 27, 5.i, 99, 100 

Trinity church >;i, 93 

trout 113 

Troy c.27, 29, 74, 85, lOU, 105,114 

Trumansburgh v 110 

Tuckahoe v 114 

TuUy 1 42, 119 

V 109 

Tupper 1 37, 100 

Turin, Italy, c 11 

Tuscarora indians 69 

Tusten v 95 

Ulster CO 17, 41, 08 

& D. rw 114 

Fnadilla r 32, 113 

V 107 

I'niform examinations 2 

I'liion Sjirings v 110 

liiiversitv of X. Y 73 

Itica c". .43, 71, 76, 81, 82, 83, 99, 

107, 108, 113 

& B. R. rw 99 

Van Campen's cr 97 

Ettenville v 110, 116 

Loan, Walton 2 

Vermont s. .10, 17, 62, 67, 100, 103 

Victory Mills v 103 

villages 72 

vineyards 34 

Virginia s 9, 16, 66, 82 

Vooriieesville v 85 

Walden v 116 

Wall street .''.::; 

Wallface mt 49 

Wallingford v 98 

Wallkill cr 115,116 

Valley rw 115 

v 116 

Walton v 113 

Wappinger's cr 56 

Falls V 56 

Ward's i 02 

Warren co 27, 68 

, Pa. c 98 

Warsaw v 56, 68, 117 

Washington bridge 2P 

CO 44, 66, 68, 103 

, T). C. e 11,111 

Wasliinyt om'iiu-.' .■.■..'.'.' .".!■■'. '.'.//i 

Watrrhui'v, It, c 89 

watcrtalls 44-56, 109 

Watcrford v 44, 105 

waterslieds. .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' .lb9,"''ll4 

Watertown c 4.9, 70, 98, 99 

Waterville v 109 

Watkins v.. 35, 45, 68, 81, 116. 117 

Glen 9,35,45 

Watson's History 51 

Waverlv v 72, 96, 109, 110 

Wavland 96, 111 

Wayne co 24, 68 

wealth 9 

Weedsport v 81 

Weehawken, N. J. v 85, 113 

Wells i 63 

\\'cllc>Icv i 63 

W est Canada cr 27, .« 

Wcstclicster CO 20,66,68 

WestHeld v 117 

West Hurley v 114 

Point 17, 2S, VO 

Westport V 102 

West Richmondville v 105 

Shore rw 20, 77, 81, 83, 

112, 113, 114, 116 

Troy V 43.105 

Western N. Y. & P. rw Ill 

West Winfield v 109 

Whiteface mt 19, 49. 101 

Whitehall v. ..4,11, 42, 44, 72, 103 
White Plains 08, 72, 114 



126 



GEOfiKAPIIY OF THE EmPIRE StATE 



Wliite Kivci- J., Vt 


..inn 


Wliitiicv'^ Point V 


..10!) 


WiikfNhiiiTe.Pu. V 


..107 


\Villi;nns c.Uefre 


...40 


Willianisport, Pa c 


..116 


Willis's Kdith Long....;... 


. 53 


wiildws 




VV'iliiiinfflou Notcli. ... 


49 


Wilson v.... 


08 


Windermere I 


... 40 



PAGE 

Windfall v 70 

Windsor v 107 

Winstead, Ct. v 89 

Winthrop 49, 100 

Wisconsin r 15 

s 66 

Wolcott V 98 

Wolfe i 63 

Wood cr. Mo. 1 42. 44, ln3 

No. 2 42 



Worcester, Mass. 
Wyoming co 



PAGE 

114 

105 

, 23, 68. Ill 



Yates CO 

yews 

Yonkers c 

Younestown 



...67 
ro, 91 
....33 



